Essay on Three Reasons Why Public Schools Should Wear...

I have seen here, in the USA few public schools have need of students to wear a uniform. I went to school in Mexico City and I got to wear uniform every day. It is very common there for students to be dress in uniforms. Most of the time, I think kids in this country are very spoiled and very selfish too. For them to wear an uniform to go to school it is very offensive. The reason is they think they can no longer express themselves. I agree that asking students to wear a uniform won’t change their attitude, or how they need to behave in school. I think schools should require for each student to have a uniform. So can everyone be treated as equal and not have differences. I suggest that public schools should command students to wear†¦show more content†¦After that will be red and they called them big bugs, and the three last grades would be green named grasshoppers. It was the favorite color for all students because it was the last three years in middle school. I ne ver care in that time about fashion, or what to wear every day. I think it would help somewhat that public schools require students to wear uniforms. They will keep them focus and at the same time to have a little fun to continue their education. Second reason, parents should buy uniforms, so can save some money at the end. For example, I always remember when my parents used to send my four sisters and myself to school. They were so glad that we all have to wear uniforms because it was more convenient and helpful for them. They would go shopping for our clothes once at the beginning of each year. After that they didn’t worry about the whole year to spend more money. When I came to live here in this country, I was in shock on how parents spend so much money on clothes for their kids. Specially students who like to wear expensive brands, and care so much about how they are going to look, or impress other students. I had talk to some friends that have kids in school and they can see their kids wearing uniforms. The only reason is because they don’t want to be embarrassed or look ridiculous. I don’t think is enough as a reason for students not to used uniform at school. Third reason, public schools should req uired students to wear uniforms to preventShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of School Uniforms712 Words   |  3 Pagesmany schools around the United States and around the world is one huge thing. This epidemic among schools is the fact that students have to wear uniforms for their schools. However, some parents and students may disagree with wearing these uniforms. I am one who supports the statement that students should not wear these uniforms for their schools. The next paragraphs will explain the pros and cons of not wearing and wearing school uniforms. I personally think that students shouldn’t wear schoolRead MorePros And Cons Of School Uniforms1206 Words   |  5 Pages School uniforms have been around for a long time in k-12th grades along with even some colleges, while most private schools have uniforms, now some public schools are trending toward uniforms as well. There are two sides to this argument, with pros and cons to both. I have interviewed Dale Patnode, Kelly Patnode and Patricia Patnode, they bring a first hand experience with what uniform show and what they do for students. Dale Patnode went to catholic schools throughout his whole life, experiencingRead MoreSchool Uniforms And School Schools1715 Words   |  7 Pageshate school and this was affecting their lives academically. School boards tried to find a way to improve the way students feel about themselves and about school, and they came up with the idea of school uniforms. School uniforms have been associated with just the Catholic school, but are now showing up in public schools across the country. According to the National Center for Education Statistics: Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2011, twenty-one states require students to wear uniforms in theRead MoreSchool Uniforms: Should Everyone Look Like Clones? Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesAre school uniforms good or bad? This is an issue that has been going on for years. There are many different reasons for school uniforms. Some say having a school uniform helps to prevent violence and others say it prevents originality. Some also say it’ll help lower or rise the cost for parents. A common argument today is whether or not uniforms should be enforced in the public school system. One main reason public schools have uniforms / dress code is because in 1996, President Clinton allowedRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1440 Words   |  6 PagesSchool uniforms began in the sixteenth century. England was the first to use school uniforms. The uniforms were for the poor children attending charity schools to distinguish them from the other students. Three hundred years later, better English schools were making the students wear school uniforms. The controversy for school uniforms in American schools began in the nineteen eighties (â€Å"History†, n.d.). Although school uniforms were found in private schools, in nineteen eighty seven the first publicRead MoreEssay about School Uniforms Save Time718 Words   |  3 Pagesto head to school. You have to wake up every day the moment that alarm goes off or else you’re toast. If you are late again, your school record is sure to take a hit. But wait†¦ what are you going to wear? Is this a dilemm a you face each morning? Do you have trouble wanting to get out of your bed, and then faced with the troubling question of what cool, clean, unwrinkled outfit you should wear that day? This is where school uniforms come in. Don’t you think that just slapping on a uniform would be muchRead MoreThe Debate over the Implementation of School Uniform Policies in our Schools:743 Words   |  3 Pageshave been many debates over the implementation of school uniform policies in our schools. Opinions are formed about the appearance of uniforms powerful effects on the way in which a student should dress. This significant role of attire relates to how students could relay a message to themselves and others. In addition, uniforms are one of the most serious administrative concerns in our public school system. I strongly favor the fact that school uniforms are perfect because they assist in helping studentsRead MoreStudents Should Wear Uniforms Debate Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesabout w hether students should wear uniforms or not. Many schools agreed with the idea and have already required school uniforms, while others are still considering it. Some say that school uniforms represent discipline and instill school pride, but others think that it is not creativity and comfortable. Despite that there are still arguments about it; school uniforms have increasingly demonstrated their importance and influence in many ways. Students should have to wear uniforms because it will helpRead MoreShould Uniforms Be Required For Public School Students?1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of uniforms being required for public school students has been a widely controversial topic in the recent past. In the 2003-2004 school year, only one in eight public schools required students to wear uniforms (ProConorg Headlines). In the 2013-2014 school year, one in five public schools required students to wear uniforms (ProConorg Headlines). This essay will discuss the reasons that uniforms re strict the individuality of students, burdens families that cannot afford two sets of clothesRead MoreUniforms Code And Not Uniforms939 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever wondered why the schools have dress code and not uniforms? In the current society, all you notice in the schools is a dress code. School that I attend has numerous problems dealing with the dress code for the reason that particular students decided not to acknowledge it. A couple of teachers have to take precious teaching time to send the students to the office for dressing inappropriately. Although they have various problems with the policy, schools remain to enforce the dress code

Mandatory School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory - 849 Words

Mandatory School Uniforms â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death!’’ The infamous words of Patrick Henry are the first to come to mind when one contemplates the fiery debate of whether uniforms should be mandated in schools. According to the New World Encyclopedia 2010, â€Å"freedom of speech is the right to communicate one’s opinion and ideas without the fear of government retaliation or censorship.† Thus, the main argument against mandatory uniforms in schools is that they equate to government censorship or a violation of our first amendment rights. However, it is my belief that using the aforementioned premise, terrorists who have become US citizens should then be permitted to bomb and kill as they please; all in the name of ‘expressing themselves freely’. Furthermore, the constitution much like the bible was written ages ago for a completely different America and is meant to be interpreted as times change. Especially for the day in age we live in; uniforms are th e best insurance â€Å"we the people† and the government can have to achieve the one thing that leads to the all american dream of success being realized- â€Å"the pursuit of happiness.† My main three reasons to support uniforms in schools are; the reduction of peer pressure in schools leads to increased learning, lessening the frequency of violence and sexual harassment in schools, and that they are more economically feasible. A bulletin published by The National Association of Secondary School Principles in April of this yearShow MoreRelatedShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1280 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout my time in school I was consistently filled with anxiety over looking my best, and I am sure many other people (girls especially) felt this from middle school through high school. The solution is uniforms! In schools where uniforms are not mandatory, the stress of â€Å"keeping up with the Jones† can create a lot of differences and struggles for students. Having mandatory uniforms in schools would create a safer and more welcoming environment for students, limit their stress, and lets themRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be Mandatory847 Words   |  4 PagesSchool systems have debated for years if they should make school uniforms mandatory for all students. Some parents do not want school systems to mandate uniforms due to pressure from their children to be able to maintain their indi viduality through clothing, while other parents prefer uniforms to reduce spending money on name brand school clothes and to minimize associations with gangs. More school systems across the United States of America are going to uniforms from grades one through twelve whereRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?918 Words   |  4 PagesShould schools have the right to make uniforms mandatory for their students? Some people don’t think so and they argue against the civil liberties that such a mandate would violate. While the opposing opposition thinks that school uniforms belong in the school system, in order to help reduce some of the issues students may face because of their clothes. Although school uniforms for students may have many negative effects, school uniforms may help with reducing the amount of distractions, thereforeRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1561 Words   |  7 PagesSecondary Schools should be Required to Wear Uniforms No matter what you dress students in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers, but it how to get children to realize it’s whats on the inside that matters not the outside. Yes, I believe it starts with the parents, but also it’s schools that need to teach the children as well. It s not based upon the style of clothes worn there are many other superficial ways to judge people and form cliques. School uniforms are one stepRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1381 Words   |  6 PagesStudents in Secondary Schools should be Required to Wear Uniforms No matter what you dress students in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers. If it s not based upon the style of clothes worn there are many other superficial ways to judge people and form cliques. School uniforms are one step that may help break the cycle of violence, truancy and disorder by helping young students understand what really counts is what kind of people they are, Clinton said (Bowen). ProponentsRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Mandatory928 Words   |  4 Pages School Uniforms should be required in school to help eliminate the amount of bulling, help increase unity, and lower the cost. In fact â€Å"many schools have adopted school uniform policies as a solution to these problems(Forster 2). During the time I was in school I always thought uniforms would be terrible. I thought I will not be able to express my style, and the day would just be boring. Now that I have graduated I believe uniforms would be a great thing to have, and be enforced in schools. WhenRead MoreShould School Uniforms be Mandatory? Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesopinion of whether schools should require students to wear uniforms. Some schools go through the same argument annually of whether to enforce school uniforms the following school year. A number of people argue that uniforms take away from the students’ individuality, while other people concur that uniforms generate unity within the school. Even though many people disagree with school uniforms, countless reasons are evident that uniforms should be mandatory. School uniforms provide schools with many positiveRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory886 Words   |  4 PagesFocus on Education Insanity, doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting a different result. Evenings spent laying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches us just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals will face this problem on a daily basis, which can lead to a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Lifting financial burdens for parents and the constant peer comparison for childrenRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory952 Words   |  4 PagesInsanity, doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting a different result. Evenings spent laying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches us just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals will face this problem on a daily basis, which can lead to a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Lifting financial burdens for parents and the constant peer comparison for children. It alsoRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory871 Words   |  4 Pageslaying out school clothes for grandchildren quickly teaches just how insane the current expectations for school dress can be each day. Individuals face this problem on a daily basis, which can be a stressful task. Mandatory school uniforms can benefit each family member in numinous ways. Financial burdens for parents and constant peer comparison for children. It also allows students of differing backgrounds to be brought together to express themselves equally. One can clearly see that school uniforms

Leading Supply Chain Turn Around Free Essays

string(29) " of the global supply chain\." Five years ago, salespeople at Whirlpool said the company’s supply chain staff were â€Å"sales disablers† Now, Whirlpool excels at getting the right product to the right place at the right time-while keeping inventory low. What made the difference? by Reuben C Slone a Supply Chain Turnaround ^ ^ eading T hings would be very different today-for me, my colleagues, and my company – if the votes of Whirlpool’s North American leadership team had swung in a different direction on May 3,2001. It was a move I hadn’t expected; Mike Todman, our executive vice president at the time, decided to go around the table and ask each member of his staff for a thumbs-up or thumbs-down on the investment that Paul Dittmann and I had just formally proposed. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Supply Chain Turn Around or any similar topic only for you Order Now Did I look worried? I can’t imagine I didn’t, even though we’d spent hours in individual meetings with each of them, getting their ideas and buy-in. We thought we had everyone’s support. But the facts remained: Our proposal had a bigger price tag than any supply chain investment in the company’s history. We were asking for tens of millions during a period of general belt-tightening. Some of it was slated for new hires, even as cutbacks were taking place elsewhere in the company. And Paul and I, the people doing the asking, were coming from the supply chain organization. Let me be clear: The supply chain organization was the part of the business that Whirlpool’s salespeople were in the habit of calling the â€Å"sales disablers† in 2000. We were perpetually behind the eight ball, tying up too much capital in finished goods inventory – yet failing to provide the product availability our customers needed. Our availability hovered around 87%. Our colleagues grimly joked that in surveys on the delivery performance f the four biggest appliance manufacturers in the U. S. , we came in fifth. 114 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW OCTOBER 200 U HBR The 2Xst-Century Supply Chain. spotlight And here, with all the credibility that track record conferred on us, we were proposing an ambitious new suite of IT solutions – something, too, for which the company h ad little appetite. It had been just 20 months since Whirlpool North America had flipped the switch on a massive new ERP system, with less than desired effect. Normally, Whirlpool ships close to 70,000 appliances a day to North American customers. The day after we went live with SAP, we were able to ship about 2,000. A barrage of bad press followed. Even though the situation was soon righted (SAP remains a valued partner), the experience of being treated as a sort of poster child for ERP folly had left scars. So imagine our relief when we heard the first voice say â€Å"yes. † It was the executive who headed up sales to Sears. Paul and I looked anxiously to the next face, and the next. The heads of our KitchenAid, Whirlpool, and value brands followed suit-a watershed, given that the funding would have to come from their budgets. I could see that J. C. Anderson, my boss and senior vice president of operations, was happy, too. He had tried to voice his support at the beginning of the meeting, but Mike Todman had asked him to wait. Now that it was his turn to vote, he did it with a fiourish:†I am fully committed,†he said,†to moving our supply chain from a liability to a recognized competitive advantage. † Only after Todman had heard from everyone in the room – brands, sales, finance, human resources, and operations-did he cast his vote. costs. Sales had risen to record levels in 2000 as our launch of some nnovative products coincided with an uptick in housing starts. With the rest of the company chugging on all cylinders, there was only one thing holding us back: our supply chain. Jeff called me into his office and gave me a two-word order: â€Å"Fix it. † If that constitutes a mandate, we had one. But it was up to us to figure out what fixing the supply chain would entail. At the top level, of course, it’s a simple formulation: getting the right product to the right place at the right time – all the time. That gets complicated very quickly, however, when you consider the scale of the challenge. Whirlpool makes a diverse line of washers, dryers, refrigerators, dishwashers, and ovens, with manufacturing facilities in 13 countries. We sell those appliances in lOO countries, through retailers big and small and to the construction companies and developers that build new homes. In the United States alone, our logistics network consists of eight factory distribution centers, ten regional distribution centers, 60 local distribution centers, and nearly 20,000 retail and contract customers. M We needed to formulate a battle plan that would include new information technology, processes, roles, and talents. But before we could begin to imagine those, we needed to define our strategy. Looking to the future, what would it mean to be world-class in supply chain performance? The decision we made at this very early point in the process was, 1 think, a pivotal one. We decided that we could answer that question only by focusing on customer With that last yes, the tension broke, and everyone was requirements first. Our approach to developing our supsmiling and nodding. Paul and I had a sense of triumphply chain strategy would be to start with the last link-the but also trepidation. Because now, we knew, there could consumer-and proceed backward. be no excuses. We were on the hook to deliver some serious value. It’s an obvious thought, isn’t it? Fxcept that it wasn’t. The overwhelming tendency in a manufacturing organization is to think about the supply chain as something Devising the Strategy that originates with the supply base and moves forward. It’s understandable; This is the part of the chain over y responsibility at Whirlpool today is for the which the company has control. But the unfortunate performance of the global supply chain. You read "Leading Supply Chain Turn Around" in category "Papers" But effect is that supply chain initiatives typically run out of in 2001,1 was focused only on North America, steam before they get to their end point-and real point. and I was utterly new to the supply chain organization. Whether or not they make customers’ lives easier be(I had come into the company a few years earlier to lead comes an afterthought. its e-business efforts. ) By contrast, Paul Dittmann, the vice president of supply chain strategy, was a Whirlpool vetUnderstanding Customers’ Needs. If you start with the eran with a tenure spanning a quarter century. ustomer, the customer can’t be an afterthought. The way I expressed this to my colleagues was to say,†Strategic relOur lots were cast together in October 2000 by Jeff Fetevance is all from the consumer back. † And conveniently, tig. Jeff is now Whirlpool’s chairman and CEO, but at the we had new research to consult on the subject of contime he was president and COO – and he w as good and sumer needs. Whirlpool and Sears had recently engaged tired of hearing about spotty service and high logistics Boston Consulting Group to study consumers’ desires Reuben E. Slone iReuben_E_Sone@Wbirlpool. com) is the with regard to appliance delivery. The top-line finding vice president of Global Supply Chain at Whirlpool Corpo- was that people value what I call â€Å"delivery with integrity. † That is, your ability to get it there fast is important, but ration in Benton Harbor, Michigan. 116 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Leading a Supply Chain Tux*naround not as important as your ability to get it there when you said you would. â€Å"Give a date, hit a date† is what they’re asking for. This sounded familiar to me, coming from the automotive industry. In my previous position at General Motors, I’d been involved in several studies that emphasized the psychology of delivery date commitments. Identifying Trade Partners’ Priorities. Moving upstream, we needed to understand the desires of our direct customers better. We conducted our own interviews to define requirements by segment. As well as looking at smaller retailers versus larger ones, we focused individually on Sears, Lowes, and Best Buy, our three biggest customers. And within the contract-builder market, we studied many subdivisions, from contract distributors and apartment developers to ingle-family-home builders. We asked about their overall availability requirements, their preferences in communicating with us, and what they would like to see along the lines of e-business. We asked about inventory management and how they might want Whirlpool to assist in it. In all, we discovered 27 different dimensions along which our performance was being judged, each varying in importance according to the customer. Benchmarking the Competition. Naturally, our customers’ expectations and perceptions were shaped in large part by what others in our industry were doing. So we benchmarked our competitors-primarily GE, which was our biggest rival. We obtained cross-industry information and competitive intelligence from AMR, Gartner, and Forrester Research to make sure we had a broad and objective assessment of supply chain capabilities. Then we mapped out what would be considered world-class (versus sufficient or transitional) performance for each of the 27 capabilities and how much it would cost us to reach that top level. It turned out that to prevail on every front would require a total investment of more than $85 million, which we knew wasn’t feasible. It was time to get serious about priorities. Now that we had established the cost of world-beating performance, we asked ourselves: For each capability, what improvement could we accomplish at a low investOCTOBER 2004 ment level, and at a medium level? We quickly staked out the areas where a relatively small investment would yield supremacy, usually due to an existing strength. A few areas we simply decided to cede. Our plan was to meet or beat the competition in most areas, at minimum cost. Building for the Future. Strategy, of course, does not simply address the needs of the moment. It anticipates the challenges of the future. A final component of our supply chain strategy was identifying the probable range of future operating scenarios based on industry, economic, and technological trends. The point was to assure ourselves that our proposal was robust enough to withstand these various scenarios. To date, the planning has worked. Having set a course, we’ve been able to deal with situations we hadn’t conceived of and to continue evolving in the same basic direction. Selling the Revolution I t’s always a difficult decision-when to involve your internal customers in the planning of a major capital investment. Their time is scarce, and they typically 117 HBR T h e Spotlight Chain. don’t want to be embroiled in the details of what you, after all, are getting paid to do. You must have your act together and have a solid plan to which they can respond. On the other hand, you can’t be so far along in the process that you’ve become inflexible. You need to maintain a careful balance between seeking their guidance and selling your vision. Paul and 1 liked to think we had that mandate from Jeff Fettig to get the supply chain fixed. But it wasn’t the kind of mandate that comes with a blank check. Like most well-managed companies, Whirlpool will not undertake a capital investment without a compelling business case. As a cost center in the company, we had to justify our project wholly on expense reductions and working capital improvements. Even if we believed that better product availability would boost sales, we couldn’t count those chickens in the business case. We spent an enormous amount of time talking with the brand general managers and others who would be needed. They said they had nothing more to add. But we persisted. I remember telling Paul, â€Å"If they won’t let us in the door, we’ll go through the window. And if they lock the window, there’s always the air vent†¦. † Along the way, we’d been particularly concerned about cherry-picking. We knew that, in a company of smart businesspeople, the first reaction to a multimillion-dollar price tag would be, â€Å"OK, what can I get for 80% of that total? † And indeed, from a project management standpoint, we knew it was important to break out each component of the plan into a stand-alone initiative, justified by its own business case. Yet we knew the whole thing came together as a sort of basket weave, with each part supporting and relying on multiple other parts. What helped here was our competitive analysis, in which we had plotted our capability levels against others’. We charted our current position against our number one competitor on each dimension valued by customers, then extrapolated to show how, depending on the level We staked out the areas where a relatively small investment would yield supremacy, usually due to an existing strength. affected by the changes we were proposing. The Japanese call this kind of consensus-building nemawashi (literally, it means â€Å"root binding†), and it is impossible to overstate its importance. Yet it is often neglected in the midst of a complex project. Note that, at the same time we needed to be meeting with key decision makers, we were also in the thick of the analysis and design of the solution. In those early months, the project needed leadership in two directions – the kind of work people typically refer to as needing a â€Å"Mr. Inside† and â€Å"Mr. Outside. † I made sure we had sufficient consulting resources for the inside work while Paul and I devoted 50% of our time to the outside work – interfacing with the trade, outside experts, and internal stakeholders. In our initial meetings with these key people, we’d essentially say, â€Å"Here’s what we’re doing. What do you think? â€Å"Typically,the executive would half pay attention, half blow us off. But we’d get some input. In a second meeting, we’d show how our work had evolved to incorporate their ideas and others’. Usually, we’d see more engagement at this point. By the time we were asking for a third meeting, reactions were mixed. People were more or less on board, but some felt another meeting wasn’t 118 of investment, we could overtake that company or allow the gap to widen. Sure enough, the competitive instincts of our colleagues kicked in. No one wanted to fall behind. Getting Focused O ne of the earliest successes in the turnaround of Whirlpool’s supply chain was the rollout of a new sales and operations planning (SOP) process. Our previous planning environment had been inadequate. What passed for planning tools didn’t go far beyond Excel spreadsheets. Now, we had the ability to pull together the long-term and short-term perspectives of marketing, sales, finance, and manufacturing and produce forecasts that all the participants could base their game plans on. We soon pushed our forecasting capability further by launching a CPFR pilot. The acronym stands for collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment, with the collaboration happening across different companies within a supply chain. The idea is straightforward. Traditionally, we forecast how many appliances we will sell through a trade partner (Sears, for example) to a given HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Leading a Supply Chain TumarouiuL market And at the same time, that trade partner develops its own forecast. Each of us has some information that the other lacks. With CPFR, we use a Web-based tool to share our forecasts (without sharing the sensitive data behind them), and we collaborate on the exceptions. As simple as it sounds, it isn’t easy to pull off. But we have, and it’s been a real home run. Within 30 days of launch, our forecast accuracy error was cut in half. Where we had close to 100% error (which isn’t hard, given the small quantities involved in forecasting individual SKUs for specific warehouse locations), today we’re at about 44% or 45%. To put this in perspective, a one-point improvement in forecast accuracy across the board reduces our total finished goods position by several million dollars. These were just two of many initiatives we launched in rapid succession after May 2001. A couple things were absolutely critical to keeping them all on track: a highly disciplined project management office and stringent performance metrics. The key was to think big but focus relentlessly on near-term deadlines. We organized the change effort into 30-day chunks, with three new capabilities, or business releases, rolling out monthly-some on the supply side, some on the demand side. The job of the project management office was to ensure the completion of projects on time, on budget, and on benefit. Paul oversaw this for me. Also keeping us honest were new metrics – and the man 1 brought in to enforce them. My colleague John Kerr, now general manager of quality for the North America division, was then in charge of Whirlpool’s Six Sigma program. He’s a real black belt when it comes to performance management. It took some persuading, aimed at both John and the North American leadership team, before he was freed up and allowed to dedicate himself to the supply chain turnaround. But we absolutely needed his data-driven perspective. When one of my team would say, â€Å"We need to take this action tofixthis issue,† John would always counter with,†Please show me the data that allowed you to draw that conclusion. † Were these demands sometimes a source of irritation? I’d be lying if 1 said they weren’t. But they forced all of us to rebuild the metric â€Å"fact base† and hone our problem-solving skills. By the third quarter of 2001, we had already done a lot to stabilize product availability and reduce overall supply chain costs. And, after a challenging fourth quarter, we took a huge step forward by implementing a suite of software products from i2, which specializes in supply chain integration tools. That was in January 2002. Six months later. Whirlpool had historic low inventories and a sustained high service level. Before the year was out, we were delivering very near our target of 93% availability across ail brands and products. (Momentum has since carried us OCTOBER 2004 well into the mid-nineties. ) We delivered slightly more than promised by reducing finished goods working capital by 10% and improving total cost productivity by 5. 1%. Our customers were voicing their approval. By May 2002, a blind Internet survey given to our trade partners showed us to be â€Å"most improved,†Ã¢â‚¬ easiest to do business with,† and â€Å"most progressive. † I remember that after these results came out, our VP of sales said, â€Å"You’re good nowbut more important, you’re consistently good. † It was a turning point in the trade’s perception of Whirlpool. Engaging Talent I ‘ve touched on the state-of-the-art technologies we’ve employed in our turnaround-the Web-based collaboration tools, the planning software, i2’s rocket-science optimization-but let me correct any impression that this is a tory about technology. More than anything. Whirlpool’s supply chain turnaround is a talent renaissance. It’s sometimes hard for us to remember how demoralized this 3,000-person organization had become. In 2000, many people in supply chain roles had been with the c ompany for years and had watched in frustration as competitors outspent and outperformed us. Part of the problem was the massive effort required by the ERP implementation. As an early adopter of enterprise systems in our industry (SAP and other vendors got their start with process-manufacturing concerns like industrial chemicals). Whirlpool had bitten off a lot. With limited attention and resources to spare, it put other projects on hold. We took our eye off the ball in supply chain innovation and fell behind. As a newcomer, I tried to inject some fresh energy into the organization and give people a reason to be confident Paul Dittmann told me this project gave him a â€Å"second career wind. † He’s a brilliant guy, with a PhD in operations research and industrial engineering, and suddenly, he had the opportunity to innovate in ways he had only dreamed of in his first 20 years at the company. Other people benefited from changes to how we develop, assess, and reward talent. With help from Michigan State University and the American Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS), we developed a supply chain â€Å"competency model. † This is essentially an outline of the skills required in a top-tier organization, the roles in which they should reside, and how they need to be developed over time. And we created a new banding system, which expanded the compensation levels in the organization. Now people can be rewarded for increasing their expertise even if they are not being promoted into supervisory roles. 19 The 21st-century Supply Chain^ We also put a heavy emphasis on developing people’s project management skills. Here, we relied on a model developed by the Project Management Institute (PMI), a sort of standard for assessing and enhancing an organization’s project management capabilities. I wanted as many supply chain professionals as possible to be come PMI-certified, and not just because of the glut of projects we were facing at the moment. My view is that project management’s disciplined planning and execution is just as vital to ongoing operations management. After all, the only real difference between running an operation and running a project is the due date of the deliverable. Over time, my operating staff stopped dismissing project management as a lot of â€Å"overhead† from a former management consultant and car guy. Now they’re the ones insisting on things like project charters and weekly project reviews. Meanwhile, we hired at least 13 new people on the business side and at least as many more on the information systems side, and I made sure that every one of them was top-notch. To fill out our project management ranks, we recruited young people from companies with strong supply chains and from premier operations-oriented MBA programs like Michigan State and the University of Tennessee. Perhaps we were lucky that our talent drive coincided with a downturn in the consulting industry. On the other hand, it might have been the excitement of a turnaround situation that drew the best and brightest to Whirlpool. Finally, I wasn’t so arrogant as to believe that my senior team and 1 didn’t need development ourselves. We assembled a supply chain advisory board and chartered its members to keep challenging us. The group includes academics Don Bowersox of Michigan State and Tom Mentzer of the University of Tennessee, and practitioners Ralph Drayer (the Procter Gamble executive who pioneered Efficient Consumer Response) and Larry Sur (who mastered transportation and warehouse management in a long career at Schneider National and GENCO). Get a group like this together, and you can count on creative sparks flying. These experts keep us on our toes in a way no consulting firm could. Sustaining Momentum refrigerators, washing machines, and other products that appeal to a broad range of consumers. They are the equivalent of a supermarket’s milk and eggs; running out of them has a disproportionately negative impact on customers’ perceptions. We’re now formulating a supply chain strategy that allows us to identify these SKUs across all of our trade partners in all of our channels and to ensure that the replenishment system for our regional warehouses keeps them in stock. That constitutes the â€Å"plan to sell† part of the program. At the same time, for our smallest-volume SKUs, we are taking out all the inventory and operating on a pure pull basis, with a new, more flexible build-toorder process. The inventory avings on the small-volume SKUs helps offset the costs of stocking up on the highvolume SKUs. We’re also working on the capability to set service levels by SKU. That is, instead of having one availability target for all our products, we are recognizing that some products are of greater strategic importance than others. Some of them, for instance, are more profitable. Some hold a unique place in our brand strategy. Again, it’s easy to grasp the value of being able to vary service levels accordingly. But in a sprawling business like ours, shipping thousands of different SKUs daily, it’s a very difficult thing to accomplish. We continue to develop new Web-based tools. Recently, we’ve been focused on system-to-system transactions, in which our system talks directly to a customer’s system for purposes of transmitting orders, exchanging sales data, and even submitting and paying invoices. We’ve rolled out this capability with a number of trade partners over the past i8 months. At the same time, we keep enhancing our Partner Store, which allows customers to check availability and place orders via the Internet. The site allows them to find near equivalents of models, for those times when a SKU is out of stock or retired. They can even find deals on obsolete inventory. By the time this article appears in print, we’ll also have implemented event-management technology, which will allow us to be more on top of the movement of goods through the supply chain. An event manager provides an alert whenever an action in the process has taken place-for example, when a washer is loaded into a container in Schomdorf, when that container full of washers is loaded onto a ship in Rotterdam, when the ship departs, when the ship arrives, when the container is unloaded from the ship in Norfolk, when the container leaves the port via truck, and, finally, when the washer is unloaded at the Findlay, Ohio, warehouse. The result is that people’s attention is directed to what needs to be done. We’ll also be further along in our application of HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW T 120 hree years into the project now, we continue to assign ourselves and deliver three new capabilities per month. This doesn’t get simpler over time, either. As I write this, for example, we’re focused on something we call â€Å"Plan to Sell/Build to Order. † Here, the notion is that certain high-volume SKUs should never be out of stock. These are the heart-ofthe-line dishwashers. .l^ading a Supply Chain Turnaround ean techniques (usually associated with manufacturing operations) to our total supply chain. This involves using pull concepts and kanbanlike triggers to speed up processes, reduce inventory, and enhance customer service. On the Hoz4zon W hirlpool has much to show for its supply chain efforts. By the end of 2003, our product availability had reached over 93%, up from 88. 3% in 2001. (Toda y it’s more than 95%. ) That allowed us to attain an order fill rate for key trade partners of over 96%. The number of days’ worth of finished goods we were holding in inventory had dropped from 32. 8 to just 26. We drove freight and warehousing total cost productivity from 4% to 7. 2%. From 2002 to 2003, we lowered working capital by almost $100 million and supply chain costs by almost $20 million. Does all this add up to value in excess of the expense our leadership team approved? Absolutely. In fact, total payback on that original investment occurred within the first two years. Still, our work is far from finished. In October 2001, just months after we kicked off our turnaround, we were fortunate in that the new executive vice president brought in to run Whirlpool’s North America region had deep supply chain knowledge. Dave Swift, who came to us from Kodak, believes strongly in the strategic importance of the supply chain both for building brands and for creating sustainable competitive advantage. Immediately after joining us, he elevated our sales and operations planning process by personally chairing monthly executive SOP meetings. These meetings have become the model for the company and the basis for much of our just-started global supply chain efforts. In the future, we’ll face greater demands for end-toend accountability. We’re already responsible for the resale of any returns. Soon we’ll be accountable for the disassembly of products in Europe. It’s only a matter of time before similar laws are enacted in the United States. And we’ll be taking an even closer look at the design of the products themselves. If we can redesign a productOCTOBER 2004 make it in a smaller plant, make it with smaller parts, ship it in smaller pieces – we can dramatically affect supply chain economics. It’s great to improve forecasts, optimize transportation, and speed up our processes with existing SKUs. But what if we could push the end stages of production closer to the consumer and get higher leverage from those SKUs? That’s the kind of thing that can change the rules of the game. It’s a wonderful thing about our business: We have fierce competition all over the world, and on top of that we have very smart trade partners who deal with numerous other suppliers. We may be a white goods, big box supplier, but because our customers also buy electronics and apparel and so on, we’re constantly being challenged by the benchmarks of other, more nimble industries. Technologies continue to evolve, channel power continues to shift, and the bar is constantly being raised. But I’m confident that the talent in Whirlpool’s supply chain organization will be equal to it all. ^ Reprint RO4IOG To order, see page 159. 121 How to cite Leading Supply Chain Turn Around, Papers

Altruism vs Self Interest free essay sample

Who is the Real Winner? Altruistic acts extend across the whole world, from humans to all different kinds of animals. Soldiers storming the beaches of Normandy for the freedom of our country to Vervet monkeys sounding loud alarms to warn of threats even though it draws a predators attention to themselves (Crowl 1). Altruism and self-interest are inherent motivations in all species and will continue to be forever. Personally, whenever I hold the door for someone it makes me feel good about my self since I was making life that much easier for one of my fellow human beings. While at the same time thoughts float around my mind that make me think about why I held the door. Was it because I really was trying to help out another person or was it because I was looking for the satisfaction from the thank you I would receive from the individual I held the door for. We will write a custom essay sample on Altruism vs Self Interest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It would bother me for about a minute or so and then I would come to the rationalization that I was just being a nice guy and trying to do the right thing. Call it altruistic or see it as me acting out of self-interest, either way it is just the right thing to do and I cannot beat myself up too much about it. This controversy between self-interest and altruism has gone through many people’s heads at some points, and both Jenner and Darwin had to deal with this topic of discussion during their lifetime and within their own work. Of course it is always nice to get a pat on the back and be recognized for accomplishments one has achieved over a lifetime, but at the end of the day what are our motives to do these generous things and to help others? Edward Jenner was surrounded by medical practices his whole life and eventually took up a career of being a successful family doctor and surgeon. Any job in the medical field requires at least a little bit of altruism since you are actually in the profession of helping others. Jenner did not just stick to practicing his day job, he also started to gain an interest into the origins of smallpox. He came up with the initial theory of, â€Å"The initial source of infection was a disease of horses, called â€Å"the grease†, which was transferred to cows by farm workers, transformed, and then manifested as cowpox â€Å"(Jenner). Even though later on he found out that cowpox did not come from â€Å"the grease† he continued to test his theories trough trial and error until he came up with what he thought to be mmunization of smallpox. Jenner did not have to take all this time and effort out of his life to pursue this global epidemic that was killing 30 percent of whoever contracted it. Only Jenner could possibly know his true motives behind all the hard work he put into smallpox, but to me it is a combination of two things. First, he pretty much grew up in a hospital and was around medical practice his whole life and looked at smallpox as a challenge that had stumped the whole medical community and he was going to be the one to solve the problem. At first glance it seems like he is seeking glory for being the doctor who solved the smallpox epidemic and acting in a very self-interested manner. After further analysis of the situation I realized there was another motive pushing him to eradicate smallpox. He had to be thinking of his four children and the possibility of them contracting the smallpox virus. This most likely gave him thoughts of other kids around the world and how this virus could ruin their childhood and life. Although, it may sound like a stretch, I’m sure this had to of crossed Jenner’s mind once or twice throughout all of his work toward the vaccination of smallpox. What makes me think Jenner did it mostly out of pure altruism and love for helping others is that he did not get to reap the full rewards of saving so many people. He was dead over a hundred years before the World Health Organization declared the virus to be totally eradicated. I’m also sure he did not know that his work saved more lives than the work of any other man in history and no one will out do him anytime soon. So naturally, I would say Jenner acted mostly out of pure altruism and did all of his work for the better of our species. Charles Darwin is best known for establishing the fact that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry and also the idea of natural selection. The theory of natural selection can also be described as â€Å"survival of the fittest† and according to the theory, those individuals with slightly better adaptations throughout time would get more food, be healthier, live longer and most importantly have more sexual mates (Darwin Chapt. ). This would cause the individuals to act out of self-interest and do what ever it takes for themselves to live as long as possible and pass on their genes so they could continue their species. But in nature today we see that it is not totally true because all living things have to act unselfishly sometimes for the better of their whole species survival. This was the biggest dilemma for Darwin himself and he probably recognized it as the greatest challenge to his theory of natural selection he talked about in his book â€Å"The Origin of Species†. I could see Darwin getting very frustrated and worked up over this very idea since it pretty much goes against all of his findings. Organisms acting against their own self-interests, inevitably slimming their chances at reproducing just would not make sense to him. Darwin would argue that such a trait in an organism would eventually die out since those carrying it would be putting themselves at a disadvantage. After some further research, I found that evolutionary forces also act on groups as a whole rather than just individuals. Later research by many scientists have shown how an individual organism may, by reducing its own advantage, increase the survivability of the group and thereby a greater proportion of its own characteristics (Crowl 2). It just shows how far being altruistic goes in all forms of life. Putting others before you is not only the right thing to do but in the end it benefits your species as a whole. Obviously, you have to act in your own self-interest in specific situations but it is always good to balance the two and keep them in equilibrium. And so it goes on, the everlasting debate between acting out of pure self-interest or having an altruistic point of view on life. This argument can get brought up in almost any context and in regard to any human being or any other species on the face of the earth. I picked two of the more famous and interesting people in our history compare and contrast their view on this topic and how it correlated to their life long studies. No matter how much I tried to get inside their minds and understand their motives I could only do it to a certain point. I would think I had a full understanding of why they were doing what they were doing but then another possibility would pop into my head. Analyzing as much as you want but at the end of the day only each individual can truly know their own motives and reasons for their actions.

Gilgamesh Essays - Epic Of Gilgamesh, Flood Myths,

Gilgamesh The search for Everlasting Life Gilgamesh wept over the death of his friend Enkidu. He thought that he was also going to die like his brother. So he went to see Utnapishtim who has everlasting life. So he went out looking for it and came to a great mountain named Mashu. At the front of the moutain stood two men-scorpion. they saw courage and strength in Gilgamesh and let him through the moutains. They told him that in the valley of the moutain was completely dark, and that lasts for twelve leagues. Gilgamesh then proceeded and at the end of the eleven leagues the light began to shine through. He then entered the garden of the gods. There he met Siduri and she told him that he needs to go to Urshanabi the ferryman. Urshanabi then took him to Utnapishtim. Gilgamesh then asked Utnapishtim about life and death. He told Gilgamesh about how he got everlasting life. The return Utnapishtim gave Gilgamesh a test, and it was to not sleep for six days and seven nights. Then Gilgamesh fell asleep then Utnapshtim's wife baked a loaf of bread for every day that Gilgamesh was asleep. When Gilgamesh woke he found that he slept for seven days. Utnapishtim told Ursanabi to take Gilgamesh to the water and clean his body and hair and give him new clothes that would look new for his return to Uruk. Urshanabi took Gilgamesh home, but before they left Utnapishtim told Gilgamesh that there is a plant in the sea that will give your youth back. So Gilgamesh went under the sea and got it. On the way back they stopped for rest, and Gilgamesh went for a bath and a serpent took the plant. They then returned to Uruk and wrote a story of the trip on a rock. The Death of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh returned home safely and died. It was his destiny was to be a great king. His destiny was not to achieve everlasting life.

The Development of Opera

The Development of Opera Free Online Research Papers Opera is an elaborate form of art that blends together many orchestral, lyrical, and theatrical aesthetics. In tracing the origins of opera, we will examine the various forms of opera that have originated over time, as well as some of the most celebrated operas and composers. To understand the development of opera, it is helpful to first become familiar with the common elements of the genre. Singing is one of the most salient operatic elements. Although opera is presented theatrically (using a stage, performers, acting and costumes), the words in operas, called librettos, are commonly sung rather than spoken. Two types of singing exist in opera. Recitative consists of sung dialogue without melody, which is used commonly to advance plot. Aria, in contrast, refers to melodic singing, commonly featuring great emotional expression. However, these two forms of singing have amalgamated into one in the mid to late 1800’s, when arioso style became the most popular singing style, resulting more consistent sounding operas that were predominately semi-melodic. Hoffer (2005) mentions that distinct voices are frequently matched with the role of the character in an opera. Although my experience with opera is extremely limited, I was able relate this information with some opera works I am familiar with. In 2003, I saw â€Å"The Turn of the Screw,† (adapted from the Henry James novella) at the Lyric Opera House. My interest in gothic fiction led me to see the work, and it was a fantastic experience in part because it was so unique from any other live performance I had ever seen. The heroine in this opera was a soprano, singing in a light, high voice that was very fitting for a gothic heroine. The children, Miles and Flora, also were also sopranos (and extremely talented ones at that, considering their remarkable voices at such young ages). The governess’ companion, Mrs. Grose, sang in a slightly lower voice (possibly mezzosporano, or contralto), which fit her role as the older, more experienced governess. The villains, Peter Quint and Miss Jessel, sang in (what I remember to be) even lower voices, possibly bass, which would fit Hoffer’s alignment of the villain role with the low pitched bassist. I also recalled that these vocal/character pairings were evident in Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical masterpiece, â€Å"The Phantom of the Opera†. Although the work itself is not an opera, the play is set in an opera house, and many of the characters act as opera singers. The protagonist (and gothic heroine) Christine Daae sings in soprano; the her love, Raoul, sings in tenor, which is audibly higher in pitch than the bass voice of the Phantom, who assumes the role of the villain (or arguably the anti-hero). Musical accompaniment is another essential component of opera. The orchestra sets the mood of the performance and helps establish the atmosphere of a particular scene. (Certainly, music intensifies a performance in a profound way, either on film or on stage. I can’t imagine being frightened by a horror film that featured music from the Beach Boys in the background, but if I were to hear sharp violin notes or a low piano melody, I would definitely become more engaged in the performance). The role of the orchestra music is so large in opera that the orchestral components of some modern operas are performed in concert halls without any vocals (Hoffer, 2005). The early traces of opera began in early seventeenth century Europe as an attempt to restore ancient Greek drama. In Italy, semi-dramatic public performances, called intermedi, were staged to recognize important state events, such as weddings, military victories, or holidays. These performances were composed as monodies: homophonic solo vocal compositions having a single line of melody with simple sequences of musical accompaniment. (The practice of monody in early forms of opera was derived from an even earlier tradition of the madrigal, a common Renaissance style of singing that utilized polyphonic arrangement, meaning that vocal and musical melodies were performed simultaneously. This form fell out of style in the late sixteenth century, when the aforementioned homophonic style grew in popularity). The establishment of early opera was marked by the construction of the first opera house in Venice, Italy in 1637 (Wikipedia.com). Although arias, choral ensembles (many characters si nging different words), and duets (one song performance by two singers) were formed at this time, early opera was troubled by ill-fitting scenes and frequent irrelevancies. The development of drama was stunted. Early eighteenth century German composer Christoph Gluck was also an important influence on opera. Gluck worked to make the music of opera fit the lyrics, which allowed for more dramatic performances (for instance, a crescendo might accompany a character’s emotional outpour, or a slow tempo might accompany a lamentation). Pertaining to his effort to reform opera, Gluck has been quoted saying that he â€Å"endeavored to reduce music to its proper function, that of seconding poetry, by enforcing the expression of the sentiment, and the interest of the situations, without interrupting the action† (OldandSold.com). In his efforts to reinvent dramatic opera, Gluck eliminated the recitative from his works. One of Gluck’s most remembered operas is Orfeo ed Euridice (1762), a tragedy based on Greek mythology that is still performed today. Operas inspired by ancient Greece were in vogue at the time, given the fact that opera began as a tribute to early Greek drama (Wikipe dia.com). Two main forms of opera were established in the early 1700s. Pietro Trapassi, also referred to as Metastasio, developed the standard of opera seria. This convention was composed of many elements, such as the new de capo aria which included an A-B-A musical form. This means that one musical theme would be presented, followed by a complimentary one, and then a development of the first theme with musical elaboration by the singer. The overall tone of operas written in opera seria was indeed serious, preserving the dramatic intent of the ancient Greek stage performances. Pietro Trapassi, often referred to as Metastasio, is attributed as the founder of the subgenre. The great writer created many librettos (the stage directions, lyrics, and spoken passages of an opera), which were sent to famous musical composers of many nations (it should be noted that operas are rarely written and musically composed by the same person). One of Metastasio’s most famous works is Attilio Regol, a wor k based on the life of an ancient Roman military leader of the same name who was taken prisoner by Carthagians during the first Punic war. This work, as well as other works in opera seria routinely featured classical characters from myth or war lore and carried themes of morality. Mozart, Handel, Beethoven and Gluck composed in opera seria (Wikipedia.com). Opera buffa, the second main category in opera during the Baroque era, mainly consisted of operas with a comedic tone. Originally, comedic episodes were featured in opera seria to attract the merchant class to the opera houses, since the less cultured individuals tended to prefer comedies over serious operas based on literary classics such as the Illiad. The genre eventually developed in its own form due to the increasing popularity of comic opera. Opera buffa commonly presented an increase in recitative (the spoken part of the work) while the musical parts tended to decrease. Additionally important was the fact that works in this genre were actually comprehensible to the public, since they were not composed in a foreign language such as Latin or German (the rise of Opera Buffa led to the more frequent composition of the more easily understandable French or Italian). Essentially, the goal of opera buffa was popularity, as the works of this genre were written for â€Å"mere† en tertainment purposes, since the performances were not centered on mythical heroes, but rather on comic scenes. The exact type of comedic approach could vary. Italian musical composer Gioacchino Rossini 1816 work â€Å"The Barber of Saville† was written for purely comedic purposes, while Mozart’s 1786 ‘The Marriage of Figaro† mixed comedy with drama and emotionality. Although the genre enjoyed great popularity in the eighteenth century, it fell out of interest in the early nineteenth century (Wikipedia.com). The nineteenth century brought with it the bel canto movement, which concerned itself with the beauty of voice. The bel canto interest placed an emphasis on a singer’s virtuosity, agility, and control of pitch (Wikipedia.com). In the second half of the nineteenth century, French opera with spoken (not sung) dialogue became popular. This form was referred to as â€Å"opera comique, regardless of whether the piece was actually a comedy or not). This fact was interesting to me, considering the fact that singing is essential to opera- without it, one might argue that the performance is simply a play with a musical score. Operetta, a very popular form of entertainment in mid-nineteenth century France, restored some of the ideals of opera buffa, although operettas were typically shorter, â€Å"lighter† operatic works with sections that did not include singing or music. It can be thought that the operetta was the precursor to the twentieth century musical comedy- but while an operetta featured opera singers in a style more similar to a play, a musical is similar to a play with non-operatic singing. In closing, we might compare the then-popular distinction between opera seria and opera buffa with the more modern distinction between opera and the musical. Although both are forms of entertainment, the opera is more cultured, more artistic, and commonly written in a foreign language. Although the musical is not a modern day opera buffa, some parallels exist in the sense that musicals have become more popular in the last few decades, especially among the â€Å"less cultured† crowds that seek entertainment over operatic aesthetics. Although musicals are arguably more popular today, I do not mean to suggest that they have taken over the role of opera (which in my limited experience has been extremely unlike any play or musical I’ve witnessed). My comparison here is to merely note the changing interests of the public when it comes to the blending of music with theatrics, as the distinction of tastes have held an importance in the development of opera through the ages. References Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Orfeo ed Euridice†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Metastasio†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasio Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Intermedi†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedi Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Libretto†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Giacchino Rossini†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioacchino_Rossini Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Bel Canto†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_canto Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Opera Buffa†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_buffa Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Opera Seria†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria Research Papers on The Development of OperaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThree Concepts of Psychodynamic19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Alcohol Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alcohol - Assignment Example It affects the central nervous system. The human body eliminates the alcohol in three different ways metabolism, evaporation and excretion. Since the excretion of alcohol is done through tears, sweat, saliva, urine and semen. On the other hand when the blood circulates the alcohol into the lungs it is evaporated through ones breath which can be measured through breath sample test (Alcohol and the human body 101). For DUI, these physical changes allow police officers to investigate an individual. The concentration of alcohol in blood shows in fact the same symptoms as cocaine, heroin, and other narcotics. The drug crimes include drug trafficking, possession of drug with an intention to distribute or manufacture. A level of alcohol in the blood content can be measured by blood test, urine test or by breath testing. Blood test is more expensive and intrusive but one of the most accurate methods while breath testing is cheaper and inaccurate ways of testing alcohol content because results can vary depending upon certain factors (Alcohol and the human body

Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Environment - Assignment Example In other cases, reduction of tax on consumer goods encourages growth of primary industries and increases consumer purchasing power. This gives supermarkets and other retail shops a chance to sell more products and increase their profits. These profits can then be reinvested back to the economy. Low taxes are also meant to encourage the growth of fresh firms. This is because young businesses are battling with competition and thus low taxes help them retain most of their profits. Likewise, spending by the government assists fresh firms. The government is able to give out revenue by redistributing it to those new organizations through subsidized loan, grants, or other forms of spending which are driven towards expanding businesses. For instance, a Supermarket research organization may be awarded federal or state loans and grants in order to start up new stores of supermarket (Frascona 18). Fiscal and monetary policies have a disadvantage because they take a lot of time for the anticipat ed economic effects to apply. Despite this, the policies are helpful to the economy because they help increase aggregate demand where it is lacking and also reduce it (Fishman 11). The Impact of Competition Policy and Regulatory Mechanisms on an Organisation Competition policy and regulatory mechanisms have various impacts on business organisations such as companies and partnerships. These policies affect various types of businesses differently. For example, a supermarket such as Traders Joe is a large business that was affected differently by competition from other forms of businesses. The supermarket’s sales, in 2008 were affected by unhealthy competition from other retail chains. Consumer freedom to choose what to consume from this supermarket was limited by an advertisement that portrayed it as selling inferior goods. This made customers not buy goods from it. This is an example of how advertisements can limit consumer freedom (Lewis 10). Other activities that can lead to unfair competition may come from supermarkets that have large presence in an area. These supermarkets may raise and lower prices as they wish in order to meet their profit targets. Such supermarkets may also be in a position to buy products from manufacturers at very low prices. This means they will pass the same product to final customers at low price compared to other supermarkets (Frascona 18). A supermarket may be also having a strong brand name which makes it to be considered as one of the most successful retailers. According to Lewis, the government should control such supermarkets by taxing them more money than other supermarkets (9). This will ensure healthy competition that increases efficiency and efficient use of resources. The government may also come up with regulatory mechanism on certain products. For example, the government completely making it illegal for supermarkets to sell manufactured or processed foods to ensure that its citizens are healthy. The government ma y also have a zero tax on infant’s foods and clothing to encourage population growth in advance countries of the world that shows decreasing population trends (Frascona 18). Effects of market structures on the pricing and output decisions of a business The forces of demand and supply are at times not the only determinants of market price. Market structures such as oligopoly and monopoly disrupt the normal forces of

Advice on Advancing Funds against Military Retirees Pensions Case Study

Advice on Advancing Funds against Military Retirees Pensions - Case Study Example Unconscionability is a legal principle in contract law relating to conditions which are so much unfair or substantially skewed to benefit the party with greater bargaining power. As such, the contracts made therefrom negate the values of good conscience in the contract. Generally, an unconscionable agreement is considered to be invalid because the disadvantaged party would not have agreed to it under reasonable circumstances. As such, the party with greater bargaining power is not usually permitted by courts to enjoy the benefit(s) because the contract lacks sufficient consideration by the other party for a fair share of the risks and benefits. Unconscionable contracts are determined by assessing the conditions of the contractors when the agreement was made, such as each party’s knowledge or mental competence, age, and bargaining power. Other equally vital factors are; lack of options and acts of inducement. Wasik noted that unconscionable behavior is also occasioned by misrepresentation of fact and fraud, especially where intentional distortion of fact results in the loss of a valuable asset. When an individual or party benefits from a contract to the detriment of another, the perpetrator may be liable for criminal fraud or deceit in a civil action. In Universal Grading Service v. eBay, Inc., 2009 U.S., eBay’s actions of influencing the value of the coin in its online auction processes were found to be conscionable because it was not fraudulent. In this case, the test for unconscionability will depend on whether the military retirees had the ability to match the Client’s when they were forming the contract.  

Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement Habit Reversal

Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement Habit Reversal Yeseul KIM Self-Reporting of Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement with  Proposal of Future Intervention Oral parafunctional activities refer to excessive uses of mouth, tongue and jaw, including continuous chewing, biting objects, leaning on the hand, teeth grinding and jaw clenching (Winocur, Litter, Adams Gavish, 2006). Their prevalence and association with signs and physiological and psychological symptoms of dysfunction have been reported, such as facial muscle pain, headache, and feeling stress (Lobbezoo, Van Der Glas, Van Der Bilt, Buchner Bosman, 1996; Rodrà ­guez, Miralles, Gutià ©rrez, Santander, Fuentes, Fresno Valenzuela, 2011; Winocur et al., 2006). Previous research has been demonstrated the maintenance of oral parafunctional habits are resulted from temporomandibular disorders (TMD), occurred by several reasons like joint disturbances (noises, catching, and joint tension), muscular discomfort, possibly eating disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and trauma (Gramling, Neblett, Grayson Townsend, 1996; Winocur et al., 2006). However, some researchers have pointed out these factors are poorly proven as the numerous number of people has the TMD problem even though they do not have other oral habits (Cairns, 2010; Fotek, 2014). Although not many studies has been done to find out the reasons of maintaining those habits in terms of operant conditioning (e.g. rewards or punishment), but it is assumed to happen due to stressful lifestyle, frustration, or personality traits such as being aggressive or competitive while a subject is awake (Glaros Burton, 2003; Lobbezoo, Van Der Zaag Naeije, 2006). Researchers focused on treatments targeting parafunctional habits to decrease TMD pain which indicates their significant relationship with TMD (Glaros, Owais Lausten, 2007). In other words, there is possibility of reducing the psychological stress which is the positive outcomes of maintaining oral habits, however, they are more likely to produce negative outcomes such as higher pain and symptoms of TMD by clenching and grinding teeth (Glaros et al., 2007; Peterson, Dixon, Talcott Kelleher, 1993). Treatment for oral habits revolves around repairing the damage to teeth and jaw, thus dental treatment such as occlusal splint or mandibular advancement device could be in use. In addition to this, given the strong association between diurnal oral parafunctional activities like bruxism and psychological factors, habit reversal treatment has been suggested to increase a patient’s awareness of unwanted behaviours, develop an alternative to the habits, for example, relaxation of the masticatory muscles and succeed in reducing TMD pain (Glaros et al., 2007). Research results suggests that group of patients using either habit reversal techniques or splints both experienced a great deal of relief from pain. In fact, habit reversal treatment is the one of the effective techniques in treating several motor disorder (Azrin Nunn, 1973; Peterson et al, 1993). According to Glaros, Hanson and Ryen (2014), 6-week-period habit reversal treatment was administered to reduce tooth contact and muscle tension in terms of headache by DTMT, dropping their jaws slightly (D), separating their teeth slightly (T), relaxing the muscles in the jaw and face area (M), and performing a deep breathing activity (D). Thirty-seven participants with TMD were selected between ages of 18 to 65 and completed the questionnaire to diagnose headache and TMD in the first phase. For the next phase, only 23 participants those who had headache from the phase 1 enrolled the treatment. They were given information about headache, facial pain, the role of oral behaviours in headache, and effect of tooth contact during the treatment session, then practiced DTMD treatment every two hours with a pager signal, and whenever they detected the tooth contact or facial muscle tensions. Although results from application of treatment in the phase 2 interpreted participants reported less pain and disability but the headache symptom did not change for 6 week trials. However, they showed a significant reduction of intensity of parafuctional habits after the treatment, but the period should be longer to reveal more powerful effects as they did not find a strong relationship between oral habits and headache. Habit reversal treatment was delivered to eliminate the motor behaviours, and negative though reversal method was given as the instructions to remove stress factors (Gramling et al., 1996). 17 qualified participants were recruited through the local newspaper advertisement, who reported TMD, with a symptoms such as mandibular joint sound, locked jaw and tenderness in the jaw. However, only the data collected from nine patients were analysed as they attended at least five sessions to be completers the whole therapy process. Before the treatment, treatment expectations and satisfaction from participants were measured to find out the relationship with outcomes such as decrease in frequency or intensity of oral behaviours. To get those descriptive information, participants filled out the facial pain diary four times in a day. Also, they answered to the questionnaires about the eleven different oral behaviours with ten-point scale, from â€Å"never† performed to â€Å"almost always†, and about the psychological distress with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Treatment conducted over a 24-week period, and three treatment groups of 5 to 6 people met weekly for seven consecutive weeks in 90-minute sessions. During the sessions, participants kept record an oral habit self-monitoring form to increase awareness of their own oral habits, thereby making habit reversal possible. They also continued and recorded practices for deep breathing and facial exercises practice throughout the whole sessions, which interrupt and reverse their oral behaviours. As the result of this study, Gramling et al. (1996) pointed out that habit reversal treatment strategy may be an effective intervention for many persons suffering from facial pain as participants shown significant decrease of rating pain by the end of treatment, which is consistent with diary data, however, the frequency and intensity of oral habit did not illustrate notable decrease. Peterson et al. (1993) investigated only 3 patients with variety of ages and gender traits who carried habit reversal treatment for 6 week, 1 hour sessions per week. This case study showed different results by individuals, but generally concluded the habit reversal could help reducing pain and increasing maximum opening for some TMD patients, and possibly more helpful for muscle-related problem than joint-related problem. Also, those who have been remaining oral habits for long time, it is more difficult to change such behaviours. The aim of current research project, self-reporting from one subject, is to understand the oral behaviours and reduce the frequency and possibility of TMD. By analysing the potential cause and background history of behaviours, subject could understand the significance of reducing parafunctions in terms of physical and mental health. Method Participant Y is a 25 year old female international student at University of Queensland, currently working in a travel agency who recently found out her excessive oral parafunctional activities with 14-month duration and feel anxiety of temporomandibular disorders. Operational Definition Oral parafunctional activities referred to making excessive movement of mouth and jaw including clenching jaw or grinding teeth while awake, and possibly combined with biting lips and presence of joint sounds. These behaviours were scored when (a) repeatedly occurred in a daytime, (b) whether subject is alone or not, (c) presented one or multiple behaviours at the same time. For example, grinding teeth while sleeping and making a single movement in lower jaw were not scored, while clenching teeth for 5 seconds and biting lips after jaw clicking are scored. In addition to this, simply opening mouth while talking and eating, or touching the temporomandibular joint could not be scored. Behavioural Recording Technique Self-monitoring method was chosen for this research, because subject was able to collect data when she was alone, or with other people. Also, such behaviours are often not easily to be observed by someone else. For the records, whenever subject noticed the oral parafunctional activities, she made notes on mobile device or paper with specific description of occasion, for the 14 consecutive days. However, accuracy of recording could be contaminated as it is very likely make errors while counting if behaviours occurred unconsciously. Also, Peterson et al. (1993) noted self-monitoring could affects the frequency of habits, by reducing teeth clenching and grinding. Results The general pattern from results of current project are shown in the Figure 1. Over the 14 days of monitoring period, the mean of frequency of oral habits occurred in a day is 12.29. The highest number reported during the period is 45, which is from the Day 13 while the lowest point is from Day 8. The possible reasons for these consequences have a strong relationship with the performance generated anxiety related to subject’s academic works on the reported dates. The Day 13 was the due date for the assignment graded higher percentage, it is assumed that the participant had a great level of anxiety. Also, she was awake for long time to complete the assignment, therefore, an excessive repetition appeared because a number of oral parafunctional activities was counted while subject awake. However, on the 8th day, none of oral habits was presented as the participant enjoyed the relaxation from the assignment and took a resting at home with the presence of intimate person. The reduction of anxiety was likely to stabilise her mental status, in contrast to other days of monitoring. According to the similarity in frequency between Day 6 to Day 11, subject maintained everyday routines such as going to university and working. The circumstances that she presented those habits were generally on the bus for commuting and doing task without interaction to others. It could possibly mean the absence of attachment to relatives made her isolated and generated slightly stressful situation. On the other hands, when the participants concentrated on non-stressed activity such as mobile game, she did not show many parafunctional habits. This participant who has an oral habits with excessive movement of teeth and jaw, illustrated that those behaviours has been stimulated by different reasons. Awareness of her asymmetric jaw became the trigger of habits when she was young. In addition to this, Changes in her circumstances in work place or university and being alone are significant factors as they generate stress, and currently the level of anxiety of failing academic achievement accelerated the frequency of behaviours. Consequences of behaviours can be short term and long term, such as immediate feeling fear or pain, reduction of stress, and significant health disorder related to temporomandibular joint and tooth. These consequences are reinforcers or punishers which increase or decrease the behaviours. Discussion Current research project were developed to understand the oral behaviours and reduce them which could cause unwanted consequences. The general findings from this study are when the participant has a higher degree of negative emotional states such as anxiety of academic achievement, receiving work related complaints, or being alone feeling lonesome. These results of current research partially supported the previous research in terms of the relationship between oral parafunctional behaviours and stressful routines (Glaros Burton, 2003; Lobbezoo, Van Der Zaag Naeije, 2006). In fact, SORCK analysis found out significant positive reinforcers of behaviours in this study are related to structures of jaw. In other words, the misbelief that moving mandibular joint can balance the asymmetric jaw leads the repetition of behaviour in pursuit of better physical appearance. Subject has mentioned the prominent jaw was her physical complex once, and when she heard the joint making sound after movement, she started the excessive movement habits. As discussed previously, habit reversal treatment has been proved as the effective method of reducing the parafuntional activities by many reserchers (Glaros et al., 2007; Gramling et al., 1996; Peterson et al., 1993). However, it is actually difficult to change the shape of jaw with the behavioural therapy that administered by previous researchers. To change her excessive behavioural patterns, the most important aspect of treatment should consider the belief of positive reinforcers. Therefore, habit reversal treatment can be adapted in slightly different way for future intervention. Among the habit reversal treatment, participant need to complete the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to find out the psychological distress which is the main factor of oral habits. About the obsession of physical attractiveness, Self-Esteem Scale (SES) required to be answered to indicate participant’s feeling towards self-descriptive statements, as well as the scale of pain around mandibular area. During the 2 week treatment period, participant will carry out the practice of 60-minutes DTMD treatment, dropping their jaws slightly (D), separating their teeth slightly (T), relaxing the muscles in the jaw and face area (M), and performing a deep breathing activity (D), while watching the mirror image of self. After the practice, participant gives verbal compliment to self, with written demonstration of how she proud of herself. The purpose of this intervention is to dismiss the misbelief of jaw movement, and develop new positive reinforcers with new oral habits. Earning self-esteem with attendance of treatment sessions will be a great positive reinforcer to the habit reversal activities (DTMD) which take the place of the oral parafunctional habits. Participant will record the frequencies of oral parafunctional habits every day during the treatment, and rate the pain from 0 to 10, and self-esteem scale after the whole process was completed. It is expected to participant would decrease the frequency of oral habits and show correlation with more points for self-esteem and less level of anxiety if this intervention is successful. Compliment to self will be the negative reinforcer in relation to the oral parafuntional habits, which will be declined, thus the rating of pain is assumed to be dropped in the later stage. However, it is uncertain the behavioural therapy related to self-esteem has the actual impact on its development. Also, one of the drawbacks for this intervention is designed for one person, thus it can be more effective if another patient engage during the treatment sessions, and give compliment to one another. Similarly, the results from the current self-monitoring has a limited aspect in terms of duration. Participant could suffer some health issues such as flu and extending the duration of monitoring will help to observe more reliable data. Also, the method of self-reporting has the definite limitation that reporting could be underestimated when participant delivers the behaviour unconsciously, and when the subject is too aware of monitoring â€Å"self† before she commits the behaviours, like Day 8 shown in current research results. These limitation needs to be covered to get more reliable data and better performance of further treatment.

Georges Clemenceau :: essays research papers

Georges Clemenceau Early Life: -Born on September 28th, 1841 in Vendee, France -Benjamin Clemenceau, his father, was a supporter of the 1848 revolution and was his son’s role model. -Georges grew up strongly believing in Republican views. Education: -Trained to be a doctor. -Not much else is known about his education and schooling. Achievements: -With a group of students, he wrote Le Travail. This was seized by the police and Georges spent 73 days in prison. -After he was released, he started to write a journal called Le Matin, but then he got in trouble with the authorities and was forced to stop. -After finishing his medical studies, he went to go and live and New York. -He was amazed by the amount of freedom that the people had, both politically and socially. -Worked as a teacher in Stanford, Connecticut -Eventually married one of his students and had three children. However, the marriage did not work out. -When he returned, he was elected as a Radical Republican deputy in the National Assembly. (1871) -Was re-elected to the National Assembly. (1876) -In 1902, he became a senator, and four years later, he was appointed minister of home affairs. -Became Frances Prime Minister. (1907-1910) -Under the presidency of Raymond Poincare, he was appointed Prime Minister for a second time. (1917-1920) -Was Minister of War in World War One. Major Accomplishments: -He voted against peace terms demanded by Germany in 1871. -Because of his aggressive debating style, Clemenceau was given the nickname of â€Å"the Tiger†. -He ruthlessly suppressed any popular strikes and demonstrations. As Prime Minister, he was marked by his hostility towards socialists. -During WW1, he clamped down on politicians calling for peace and punished them. -Insisted that the French Army lead the offensive against the German Army in 1918. -Pushed the war vigorously until the final victory.

An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour

Abstract This research proposal deals with an investigation of the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians living abroad. It has been established from research that a few Nigerians embrace technology in doing business. The research paper starts with an introduction about the problem statement to be addressed in the research. The objective is to find out the factors that contribute to the unique online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The proposal highlights trends to be investigated that are online shopping in Nigeria. Data to be used in the research will be gathered through the use of a questionnaire given at random to 100 respondents. The obtained data will be analyzed based on the scaled factors given for each response by the participants. The representative sample gives the best results because it uses respondents of diverse fields who are in a position to use online shopping systems. The results can be used by any developing country because the online shopping trends for developing countries are the same. 1. Introduction The nature of how individuals do business has changed from time to time due to individual needs and the emerging business technologies. Electronic commerce is one of the recent forms of online shopping that has been adopted by many business individuals in the world. According to Ghosh (1997, p. 1), â€Å"E-commerce provides consumers the ability to bank, invest, purchase, distribute, communicate, explore, and research from virtually anywhere an Internet connection can be obtained.† Therefore, electronic commerce can be defined as doing business through the internet. This trend of doing business has gained momentum in the global business world because of the increased web advertising (Jackson et al. 2003). This research proposal aims at determining the effect of web advertising on the Nigerian consumer’s online shopping behaviour.1.1. E-commerce development in NigeriaThe basis of electronic commerce depends on the level of technology in a country. Nigeria is a developin g country that has experienced improvements in its technological aspect in the recent past with a total population of about 16 % embracing the use of the internet (Internet World Stats, 2009). However, most of the Nigerians have not exploited the full potential of using the internet fully. In addition, the recent advancement of technology has enabled many Nigerians to see the need to embrace technology in doing business. As such, internet usage has started gaining familiarity among the Nigerians. A research by Folorunso et al. (2006, p. 2226) shows that only 32% of Nigerians who had heard about electronic commerce had embraced the technology. This low number of Nigerians using the internet to do business may contribute to the Nigerian online shopping behaviour.1.2. Problem statementThe use of the internet in doing business in Nigeria is slower than other countries in the world. This is contrary to the vital importance provided by the use of the internet in advertising the product. M ost of the Nigerians are ignorant about online shopping, but those who embrace the internet do not prefer to do online shopping because they assume products advertised in the internet are either expensive or strange to their traditional culture. This consumer behaviour has reduced efforts of globalization into the Nigerian markets. The question, then, is what should be done about this online consumer behaviour to promote globalizationResearch objectivesThis research is carried out to find out the online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The objectives of the study will be: To Investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians Determine whether web advertising has an influence to the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians. To investigate the risks associated with online shopping.1.3. Research structureThis research will start by introducing the problem statement why it is an important study among the Nigerians. This will be followed by outlining the objectives of the study. The existing literature review sets to give the research the basis on which the factors being studied will be based. The methodology section will propose a how the factors can be investigated and why the chosen methods for study are preferred. Lastly the research will highlight the limitations that are likely to affect the results of the study and how they can be reduced to make the results more validated. The main chapters will be as follows; Introduction Literature Review Methodology Data Analysis and Findings Conclusions and Recommendations 2. Literature review Folorunso et al. (2006, p.2224) suggested that the factors that affect online shopping behaviour are: â€Å"establishing cost, accessibility, privacy and confidentiality, data security, network reliability, credit card threat, authenticity, citizens’ income and education.† The shopping behaviour of Nigerians living abroad is unique as it can be identified as unique among the rest. Among the factors suggested by Folorunso income levels and data security was established as the major factors contributing to the unique behaviour of the Nigerians. In another research by Ayo (2006, p.2), he argued that cyber-crime as the major factor behind the low rate of adopting the electronic commerce technology. Further, other important factors have been established as contributing to this unique behaviour among the Nigerians. These factors are inferior online payment methods, lack of trust in web retailers, poor technological infrastructures, and fear of insufficient security in online environments (Adeshina & Ayo, 2010). In contrast to the slow rate at which online shopping has been embraced by the Nigerians, they have increased use of electronic banking and payment systems as they regard these technology issues as more secure. The major use of electronic banking is to pay bills, money transfer activities and obtaining banking statements at any time they wish to have the statements for their daily activities. The major factors identified on the previous research do not point to the exact situation because even through the electronic banking services provided by this technology, users are also likely to be exposed cyber crimes (Egwali, 2009). Advertising is used as a marketing strategy to familiarise the consumers to the products in the market. In a global market, advertising through the internet gives the consumers an avenue to consider a varied field of products that will satisfy their specific demand. Although internet advertising comes with a lot of advantages to both the consumer and the advertising agency, it has not been fully embraced in the Nigerian market. This indicates that the consumers in the Nigerian market have varied perceptions about web advertising. According to Wohn and Korgaonkar (2003), â€Å"males exhibit more positive beliefs about web advertising and more positive attitudes toward web adverting than females. Additionally, male are more likely than females to purchase from the web and surf the web for functional and entertainment reasons, whereas females are more likely to surf the web for shopping reasons.† From these findings, it can be deduced that there are specific online shopping behav iour among Nigerians. The research will carry out a detailed review of the existing literature on the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. The researcher will critically analyse the literature both that are in support of the research and those that are not. 3.Methodology This research will use qualitative approach to establish an in-depth description of the problem of the study. This method will be the most appropriate because it does not apply any mathematical judgment of the results (Higgs & Cherry, 2009). According to Miles and Huberman (1994), qualitative approach is the best because it is concerned with meaningful characteristics, stories, visual renders, observations and words. This study will be based on the individual behaviour on online shopping. Consequently, the research sample will be identified among them Nigerian Diaspora students, professionals and business people. The research sample will be conducted to 100 Nigerians. The research sample gives a good study population because of the sample size. In addition, the use of this type of respondents will give basis to the research because these are people who have the know-how of technological matters. Additionally, since online shopping is based on the use of technology this type of respondents is the best research population because they are quite aware of the online shopping activities using the internet. Thus, the results of the findings will give a true reflection of the real behaviour of the Nigerians online shopping.3.1.Research approach and strategyThe research will be conducted for 100 Nigerian. The respondents will be selected at random both that live in UK and those that are in Nigeria. The respondents will be supplied with questionnaires to investigate their onli ne shopping behaviour. The data that will be used in this study will be sourced from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data will be collected by sending questionnaires to the respondents. The researcher will conceal the identity of all respondents for confidentiality purposes. All respondents will be given unique ID numbers like P1, P2, and P3 that will represent participant one, two and three respectively. Secondary data will be collected from existing literature that is in the public domain. This means that there will be no permission sought to access the materials or cost incurred to collect data.3.2.Data collectionThe data for this research will be collected through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaires will be subdivided into three sub-groups as follows: online shopping, electronic commerce and internet usage. Each of the sub-categories will be aiming to investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. (See appendix 1)3.3.Data analysisQualitat ive study does not involve numerical values, and thus, an analysis tool will be used that will give correct interpretation and description while at the same time avoiding biases (Sewell, 2008). Therefore, the data will be analysed using case descriptions of the phenomenon. A detailed report will then be developed based on the analysis of the data collected through questionnaires. After, conclusions will be drawn from the analysis of the study, and more so the researcher will give recommendations that for future studies.3.4. Ethical issuesThe ethical issue in this research study will be to keep the anonymity of the respondents. Each of the involved respondent’s information will be treated with great privacy based on individual data protection policy.3.5.Research limitationsThe sample used to represent the Nigerians is comparably small. A bigger representative sample should be used to determine the real factors. The random sampling method is good, but is faced with the challe nge of some respondents failing to cooperate. The best approach would be to administer the questionnaire directly to the respondents to ensure that there is 100% response from the targeted representative sample. 4.Conclusion This research is an important finding that can be used to implement developmental changes in developing countries. Nigeria is one of the developing countries and the trends shown by its abroad citizens can be used as a model for other developing countries. Also, since technology implementation in the business environment is inevitable then it is important to identify these factors in order to make the required adjustments to make the developing countries able to embrace technology. The representative sample will give accurate results of the research study because it will use a study population that can embrace technology. References Adeshina, A & Ayo, C .2010. An Empirical Investigation of the Level of Users. Acceptance of E-Banking in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 15 (1), 1-13. Egwali, A. 2009. Customers Perception of Security Indicators in Online Banking Sites in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14 (1), 1-15. Folorunso, O et al. 2006. Factors Affecting the Adoption of E-commerce: A Study in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6 (10), 2224-2230. Ghosh, A .1997. Securing E-Commerce: A Systematic Approach. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 1-4. Internet World Stats, 2009. Nigeria Internet Usage and Telecommunications Reports. Retrieved from . Jackson, P. et al. 2003. e-Business Fundamentals. London: Dorset House Publishing Company. Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, 2ndedn, Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. Wohn, L & Korgaonkar, P 2003, Web advertising: gender differences, gender differences in belief, attitude and behavior. Florida: MCB UP. Appendix 1 The questionnaire Online shopping Have you been using online shopping in Nigeria? Do you use online shopping in the UK? If yes how many times did you shop online while in Nigeria per week? How many sites do you visit per week while in the UK or Nigeria? What products do you shop for with this service in Nigeria or the UK? What are the risks associated with online shopping? 2.0 Electronic commerce Have you been using electronic commerce while in Nigeria? Do you still use electronic shopping in the UK? If not, what are the reasons? What functions do you use the service for in Nigeria or the UK? 3.0 Internet usage Do you use internet regularly? What do you use the internet for? Do you think there are risks associated with internet usage? How often do you use the internet for online shopping?