Gilgamesh Essays - Epic Of Gilgamesh, Flood Myths,

Gilgamesh The search for Everlasting Life Gilgamesh wept over the death of his friend Enkidu. He thought that he was also going to die like his brother. So he went to see Utnapishtim who has everlasting life. So he went out looking for it and came to a great mountain named Mashu. At the front of the moutain stood two men-scorpion. they saw courage and strength in Gilgamesh and let him through the moutains. They told him that in the valley of the moutain was completely dark, and that lasts for twelve leagues. Gilgamesh then proceeded and at the end of the eleven leagues the light began to shine through. He then entered the garden of the gods. There he met Siduri and she told him that he needs to go to Urshanabi the ferryman. Urshanabi then took him to Utnapishtim. Gilgamesh then asked Utnapishtim about life and death. He told Gilgamesh about how he got everlasting life. The return Utnapishtim gave Gilgamesh a test, and it was to not sleep for six days and seven nights. Then Gilgamesh fell asleep then Utnapshtim's wife baked a loaf of bread for every day that Gilgamesh was asleep. When Gilgamesh woke he found that he slept for seven days. Utnapishtim told Ursanabi to take Gilgamesh to the water and clean his body and hair and give him new clothes that would look new for his return to Uruk. Urshanabi took Gilgamesh home, but before they left Utnapishtim told Gilgamesh that there is a plant in the sea that will give your youth back. So Gilgamesh went under the sea and got it. On the way back they stopped for rest, and Gilgamesh went for a bath and a serpent took the plant. They then returned to Uruk and wrote a story of the trip on a rock. The Death of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh returned home safely and died. It was his destiny was to be a great king. His destiny was not to achieve everlasting life.

The Development of Opera

The Development of Opera Free Online Research Papers Opera is an elaborate form of art that blends together many orchestral, lyrical, and theatrical aesthetics. In tracing the origins of opera, we will examine the various forms of opera that have originated over time, as well as some of the most celebrated operas and composers. To understand the development of opera, it is helpful to first become familiar with the common elements of the genre. Singing is one of the most salient operatic elements. Although opera is presented theatrically (using a stage, performers, acting and costumes), the words in operas, called librettos, are commonly sung rather than spoken. Two types of singing exist in opera. Recitative consists of sung dialogue without melody, which is used commonly to advance plot. Aria, in contrast, refers to melodic singing, commonly featuring great emotional expression. However, these two forms of singing have amalgamated into one in the mid to late 1800’s, when arioso style became the most popular singing style, resulting more consistent sounding operas that were predominately semi-melodic. Hoffer (2005) mentions that distinct voices are frequently matched with the role of the character in an opera. Although my experience with opera is extremely limited, I was able relate this information with some opera works I am familiar with. In 2003, I saw â€Å"The Turn of the Screw,† (adapted from the Henry James novella) at the Lyric Opera House. My interest in gothic fiction led me to see the work, and it was a fantastic experience in part because it was so unique from any other live performance I had ever seen. The heroine in this opera was a soprano, singing in a light, high voice that was very fitting for a gothic heroine. The children, Miles and Flora, also were also sopranos (and extremely talented ones at that, considering their remarkable voices at such young ages). The governess’ companion, Mrs. Grose, sang in a slightly lower voice (possibly mezzosporano, or contralto), which fit her role as the older, more experienced governess. The villains, Peter Quint and Miss Jessel, sang in (what I remember to be) even lower voices, possibly bass, which would fit Hoffer’s alignment of the villain role with the low pitched bassist. I also recalled that these vocal/character pairings were evident in Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical masterpiece, â€Å"The Phantom of the Opera†. Although the work itself is not an opera, the play is set in an opera house, and many of the characters act as opera singers. The protagonist (and gothic heroine) Christine Daae sings in soprano; the her love, Raoul, sings in tenor, which is audibly higher in pitch than the bass voice of the Phantom, who assumes the role of the villain (or arguably the anti-hero). Musical accompaniment is another essential component of opera. The orchestra sets the mood of the performance and helps establish the atmosphere of a particular scene. (Certainly, music intensifies a performance in a profound way, either on film or on stage. I can’t imagine being frightened by a horror film that featured music from the Beach Boys in the background, but if I were to hear sharp violin notes or a low piano melody, I would definitely become more engaged in the performance). The role of the orchestra music is so large in opera that the orchestral components of some modern operas are performed in concert halls without any vocals (Hoffer, 2005). The early traces of opera began in early seventeenth century Europe as an attempt to restore ancient Greek drama. In Italy, semi-dramatic public performances, called intermedi, were staged to recognize important state events, such as weddings, military victories, or holidays. These performances were composed as monodies: homophonic solo vocal compositions having a single line of melody with simple sequences of musical accompaniment. (The practice of monody in early forms of opera was derived from an even earlier tradition of the madrigal, a common Renaissance style of singing that utilized polyphonic arrangement, meaning that vocal and musical melodies were performed simultaneously. This form fell out of style in the late sixteenth century, when the aforementioned homophonic style grew in popularity). The establishment of early opera was marked by the construction of the first opera house in Venice, Italy in 1637 (Wikipedia.com). Although arias, choral ensembles (many characters si nging different words), and duets (one song performance by two singers) were formed at this time, early opera was troubled by ill-fitting scenes and frequent irrelevancies. The development of drama was stunted. Early eighteenth century German composer Christoph Gluck was also an important influence on opera. Gluck worked to make the music of opera fit the lyrics, which allowed for more dramatic performances (for instance, a crescendo might accompany a character’s emotional outpour, or a slow tempo might accompany a lamentation). Pertaining to his effort to reform opera, Gluck has been quoted saying that he â€Å"endeavored to reduce music to its proper function, that of seconding poetry, by enforcing the expression of the sentiment, and the interest of the situations, without interrupting the action† (OldandSold.com). In his efforts to reinvent dramatic opera, Gluck eliminated the recitative from his works. One of Gluck’s most remembered operas is Orfeo ed Euridice (1762), a tragedy based on Greek mythology that is still performed today. Operas inspired by ancient Greece were in vogue at the time, given the fact that opera began as a tribute to early Greek drama (Wikipe dia.com). Two main forms of opera were established in the early 1700s. Pietro Trapassi, also referred to as Metastasio, developed the standard of opera seria. This convention was composed of many elements, such as the new de capo aria which included an A-B-A musical form. This means that one musical theme would be presented, followed by a complimentary one, and then a development of the first theme with musical elaboration by the singer. The overall tone of operas written in opera seria was indeed serious, preserving the dramatic intent of the ancient Greek stage performances. Pietro Trapassi, often referred to as Metastasio, is attributed as the founder of the subgenre. The great writer created many librettos (the stage directions, lyrics, and spoken passages of an opera), which were sent to famous musical composers of many nations (it should be noted that operas are rarely written and musically composed by the same person). One of Metastasio’s most famous works is Attilio Regol, a wor k based on the life of an ancient Roman military leader of the same name who was taken prisoner by Carthagians during the first Punic war. This work, as well as other works in opera seria routinely featured classical characters from myth or war lore and carried themes of morality. Mozart, Handel, Beethoven and Gluck composed in opera seria (Wikipedia.com). Opera buffa, the second main category in opera during the Baroque era, mainly consisted of operas with a comedic tone. Originally, comedic episodes were featured in opera seria to attract the merchant class to the opera houses, since the less cultured individuals tended to prefer comedies over serious operas based on literary classics such as the Illiad. The genre eventually developed in its own form due to the increasing popularity of comic opera. Opera buffa commonly presented an increase in recitative (the spoken part of the work) while the musical parts tended to decrease. Additionally important was the fact that works in this genre were actually comprehensible to the public, since they were not composed in a foreign language such as Latin or German (the rise of Opera Buffa led to the more frequent composition of the more easily understandable French or Italian). Essentially, the goal of opera buffa was popularity, as the works of this genre were written for â€Å"mere† en tertainment purposes, since the performances were not centered on mythical heroes, but rather on comic scenes. The exact type of comedic approach could vary. Italian musical composer Gioacchino Rossini 1816 work â€Å"The Barber of Saville† was written for purely comedic purposes, while Mozart’s 1786 ‘The Marriage of Figaro† mixed comedy with drama and emotionality. Although the genre enjoyed great popularity in the eighteenth century, it fell out of interest in the early nineteenth century (Wikipedia.com). The nineteenth century brought with it the bel canto movement, which concerned itself with the beauty of voice. The bel canto interest placed an emphasis on a singer’s virtuosity, agility, and control of pitch (Wikipedia.com). In the second half of the nineteenth century, French opera with spoken (not sung) dialogue became popular. This form was referred to as â€Å"opera comique, regardless of whether the piece was actually a comedy or not). This fact was interesting to me, considering the fact that singing is essential to opera- without it, one might argue that the performance is simply a play with a musical score. Operetta, a very popular form of entertainment in mid-nineteenth century France, restored some of the ideals of opera buffa, although operettas were typically shorter, â€Å"lighter† operatic works with sections that did not include singing or music. It can be thought that the operetta was the precursor to the twentieth century musical comedy- but while an operetta featured opera singers in a style more similar to a play, a musical is similar to a play with non-operatic singing. In closing, we might compare the then-popular distinction between opera seria and opera buffa with the more modern distinction between opera and the musical. Although both are forms of entertainment, the opera is more cultured, more artistic, and commonly written in a foreign language. Although the musical is not a modern day opera buffa, some parallels exist in the sense that musicals have become more popular in the last few decades, especially among the â€Å"less cultured† crowds that seek entertainment over operatic aesthetics. Although musicals are arguably more popular today, I do not mean to suggest that they have taken over the role of opera (which in my limited experience has been extremely unlike any play or musical I’ve witnessed). My comparison here is to merely note the changing interests of the public when it comes to the blending of music with theatrics, as the distinction of tastes have held an importance in the development of opera through the ages. References Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Orfeo ed Euridice†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Metastasio†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasio Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Intermedi†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedi Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Libretto†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Giacchino Rossini†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioacchino_Rossini Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Bel Canto†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_canto Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Opera Buffa†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_buffa Wikipedia,com, 2006. â€Å"Opera Seria†. Retrieved on April 13, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria Research Papers on The Development of OperaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThree Concepts of Psychodynamic19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Alcohol Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alcohol - Assignment Example It affects the central nervous system. The human body eliminates the alcohol in three different ways metabolism, evaporation and excretion. Since the excretion of alcohol is done through tears, sweat, saliva, urine and semen. On the other hand when the blood circulates the alcohol into the lungs it is evaporated through ones breath which can be measured through breath sample test (Alcohol and the human body 101). For DUI, these physical changes allow police officers to investigate an individual. The concentration of alcohol in blood shows in fact the same symptoms as cocaine, heroin, and other narcotics. The drug crimes include drug trafficking, possession of drug with an intention to distribute or manufacture. A level of alcohol in the blood content can be measured by blood test, urine test or by breath testing. Blood test is more expensive and intrusive but one of the most accurate methods while breath testing is cheaper and inaccurate ways of testing alcohol content because results can vary depending upon certain factors (Alcohol and the human body

Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Environment - Assignment Example In other cases, reduction of tax on consumer goods encourages growth of primary industries and increases consumer purchasing power. This gives supermarkets and other retail shops a chance to sell more products and increase their profits. These profits can then be reinvested back to the economy. Low taxes are also meant to encourage the growth of fresh firms. This is because young businesses are battling with competition and thus low taxes help them retain most of their profits. Likewise, spending by the government assists fresh firms. The government is able to give out revenue by redistributing it to those new organizations through subsidized loan, grants, or other forms of spending which are driven towards expanding businesses. For instance, a Supermarket research organization may be awarded federal or state loans and grants in order to start up new stores of supermarket (Frascona 18). Fiscal and monetary policies have a disadvantage because they take a lot of time for the anticipat ed economic effects to apply. Despite this, the policies are helpful to the economy because they help increase aggregate demand where it is lacking and also reduce it (Fishman 11). The Impact of Competition Policy and Regulatory Mechanisms on an Organisation Competition policy and regulatory mechanisms have various impacts on business organisations such as companies and partnerships. These policies affect various types of businesses differently. For example, a supermarket such as Traders Joe is a large business that was affected differently by competition from other forms of businesses. The supermarket’s sales, in 2008 were affected by unhealthy competition from other retail chains. Consumer freedom to choose what to consume from this supermarket was limited by an advertisement that portrayed it as selling inferior goods. This made customers not buy goods from it. This is an example of how advertisements can limit consumer freedom (Lewis 10). Other activities that can lead to unfair competition may come from supermarkets that have large presence in an area. These supermarkets may raise and lower prices as they wish in order to meet their profit targets. Such supermarkets may also be in a position to buy products from manufacturers at very low prices. This means they will pass the same product to final customers at low price compared to other supermarkets (Frascona 18). A supermarket may be also having a strong brand name which makes it to be considered as one of the most successful retailers. According to Lewis, the government should control such supermarkets by taxing them more money than other supermarkets (9). This will ensure healthy competition that increases efficiency and efficient use of resources. The government may also come up with regulatory mechanism on certain products. For example, the government completely making it illegal for supermarkets to sell manufactured or processed foods to ensure that its citizens are healthy. The government ma y also have a zero tax on infant’s foods and clothing to encourage population growth in advance countries of the world that shows decreasing population trends (Frascona 18). Effects of market structures on the pricing and output decisions of a business The forces of demand and supply are at times not the only determinants of market price. Market structures such as oligopoly and monopoly disrupt the normal forces of

Advice on Advancing Funds against Military Retirees Pensions Case Study

Advice on Advancing Funds against Military Retirees Pensions - Case Study Example Unconscionability is a legal principle in contract law relating to conditions which are so much unfair or substantially skewed to benefit the party with greater bargaining power. As such, the contracts made therefrom negate the values of good conscience in the contract. Generally, an unconscionable agreement is considered to be invalid because the disadvantaged party would not have agreed to it under reasonable circumstances. As such, the party with greater bargaining power is not usually permitted by courts to enjoy the benefit(s) because the contract lacks sufficient consideration by the other party for a fair share of the risks and benefits. Unconscionable contracts are determined by assessing the conditions of the contractors when the agreement was made, such as each party’s knowledge or mental competence, age, and bargaining power. Other equally vital factors are; lack of options and acts of inducement. Wasik noted that unconscionable behavior is also occasioned by misrepresentation of fact and fraud, especially where intentional distortion of fact results in the loss of a valuable asset. When an individual or party benefits from a contract to the detriment of another, the perpetrator may be liable for criminal fraud or deceit in a civil action. In Universal Grading Service v. eBay, Inc., 2009 U.S., eBay’s actions of influencing the value of the coin in its online auction processes were found to be conscionable because it was not fraudulent. In this case, the test for unconscionability will depend on whether the military retirees had the ability to match the Client’s when they were forming the contract.  

Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement Habit Reversal

Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement Habit Reversal Yeseul KIM Self-Reporting of Excessive Oral Parafuctional Movement with  Proposal of Future Intervention Oral parafunctional activities refer to excessive uses of mouth, tongue and jaw, including continuous chewing, biting objects, leaning on the hand, teeth grinding and jaw clenching (Winocur, Litter, Adams Gavish, 2006). Their prevalence and association with signs and physiological and psychological symptoms of dysfunction have been reported, such as facial muscle pain, headache, and feeling stress (Lobbezoo, Van Der Glas, Van Der Bilt, Buchner Bosman, 1996; Rodrà ­guez, Miralles, Gutià ©rrez, Santander, Fuentes, Fresno Valenzuela, 2011; Winocur et al., 2006). Previous research has been demonstrated the maintenance of oral parafunctional habits are resulted from temporomandibular disorders (TMD), occurred by several reasons like joint disturbances (noises, catching, and joint tension), muscular discomfort, possibly eating disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and trauma (Gramling, Neblett, Grayson Townsend, 1996; Winocur et al., 2006). However, some researchers have pointed out these factors are poorly proven as the numerous number of people has the TMD problem even though they do not have other oral habits (Cairns, 2010; Fotek, 2014). Although not many studies has been done to find out the reasons of maintaining those habits in terms of operant conditioning (e.g. rewards or punishment), but it is assumed to happen due to stressful lifestyle, frustration, or personality traits such as being aggressive or competitive while a subject is awake (Glaros Burton, 2003; Lobbezoo, Van Der Zaag Naeije, 2006). Researchers focused on treatments targeting parafunctional habits to decrease TMD pain which indicates their significant relationship with TMD (Glaros, Owais Lausten, 2007). In other words, there is possibility of reducing the psychological stress which is the positive outcomes of maintaining oral habits, however, they are more likely to produce negative outcomes such as higher pain and symptoms of TMD by clenching and grinding teeth (Glaros et al., 2007; Peterson, Dixon, Talcott Kelleher, 1993). Treatment for oral habits revolves around repairing the damage to teeth and jaw, thus dental treatment such as occlusal splint or mandibular advancement device could be in use. In addition to this, given the strong association between diurnal oral parafunctional activities like bruxism and psychological factors, habit reversal treatment has been suggested to increase a patient’s awareness of unwanted behaviours, develop an alternative to the habits, for example, relaxation of the masticatory muscles and succeed in reducing TMD pain (Glaros et al., 2007). Research results suggests that group of patients using either habit reversal techniques or splints both experienced a great deal of relief from pain. In fact, habit reversal treatment is the one of the effective techniques in treating several motor disorder (Azrin Nunn, 1973; Peterson et al, 1993). According to Glaros, Hanson and Ryen (2014), 6-week-period habit reversal treatment was administered to reduce tooth contact and muscle tension in terms of headache by DTMT, dropping their jaws slightly (D), separating their teeth slightly (T), relaxing the muscles in the jaw and face area (M), and performing a deep breathing activity (D). Thirty-seven participants with TMD were selected between ages of 18 to 65 and completed the questionnaire to diagnose headache and TMD in the first phase. For the next phase, only 23 participants those who had headache from the phase 1 enrolled the treatment. They were given information about headache, facial pain, the role of oral behaviours in headache, and effect of tooth contact during the treatment session, then practiced DTMD treatment every two hours with a pager signal, and whenever they detected the tooth contact or facial muscle tensions. Although results from application of treatment in the phase 2 interpreted participants reported less pain and disability but the headache symptom did not change for 6 week trials. However, they showed a significant reduction of intensity of parafuctional habits after the treatment, but the period should be longer to reveal more powerful effects as they did not find a strong relationship between oral habits and headache. Habit reversal treatment was delivered to eliminate the motor behaviours, and negative though reversal method was given as the instructions to remove stress factors (Gramling et al., 1996). 17 qualified participants were recruited through the local newspaper advertisement, who reported TMD, with a symptoms such as mandibular joint sound, locked jaw and tenderness in the jaw. However, only the data collected from nine patients were analysed as they attended at least five sessions to be completers the whole therapy process. Before the treatment, treatment expectations and satisfaction from participants were measured to find out the relationship with outcomes such as decrease in frequency or intensity of oral behaviours. To get those descriptive information, participants filled out the facial pain diary four times in a day. Also, they answered to the questionnaires about the eleven different oral behaviours with ten-point scale, from â€Å"never† performed to â€Å"almost always†, and about the psychological distress with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Treatment conducted over a 24-week period, and three treatment groups of 5 to 6 people met weekly for seven consecutive weeks in 90-minute sessions. During the sessions, participants kept record an oral habit self-monitoring form to increase awareness of their own oral habits, thereby making habit reversal possible. They also continued and recorded practices for deep breathing and facial exercises practice throughout the whole sessions, which interrupt and reverse their oral behaviours. As the result of this study, Gramling et al. (1996) pointed out that habit reversal treatment strategy may be an effective intervention for many persons suffering from facial pain as participants shown significant decrease of rating pain by the end of treatment, which is consistent with diary data, however, the frequency and intensity of oral habit did not illustrate notable decrease. Peterson et al. (1993) investigated only 3 patients with variety of ages and gender traits who carried habit reversal treatment for 6 week, 1 hour sessions per week. This case study showed different results by individuals, but generally concluded the habit reversal could help reducing pain and increasing maximum opening for some TMD patients, and possibly more helpful for muscle-related problem than joint-related problem. Also, those who have been remaining oral habits for long time, it is more difficult to change such behaviours. The aim of current research project, self-reporting from one subject, is to understand the oral behaviours and reduce the frequency and possibility of TMD. By analysing the potential cause and background history of behaviours, subject could understand the significance of reducing parafunctions in terms of physical and mental health. Method Participant Y is a 25 year old female international student at University of Queensland, currently working in a travel agency who recently found out her excessive oral parafunctional activities with 14-month duration and feel anxiety of temporomandibular disorders. Operational Definition Oral parafunctional activities referred to making excessive movement of mouth and jaw including clenching jaw or grinding teeth while awake, and possibly combined with biting lips and presence of joint sounds. These behaviours were scored when (a) repeatedly occurred in a daytime, (b) whether subject is alone or not, (c) presented one or multiple behaviours at the same time. For example, grinding teeth while sleeping and making a single movement in lower jaw were not scored, while clenching teeth for 5 seconds and biting lips after jaw clicking are scored. In addition to this, simply opening mouth while talking and eating, or touching the temporomandibular joint could not be scored. Behavioural Recording Technique Self-monitoring method was chosen for this research, because subject was able to collect data when she was alone, or with other people. Also, such behaviours are often not easily to be observed by someone else. For the records, whenever subject noticed the oral parafunctional activities, she made notes on mobile device or paper with specific description of occasion, for the 14 consecutive days. However, accuracy of recording could be contaminated as it is very likely make errors while counting if behaviours occurred unconsciously. Also, Peterson et al. (1993) noted self-monitoring could affects the frequency of habits, by reducing teeth clenching and grinding. Results The general pattern from results of current project are shown in the Figure 1. Over the 14 days of monitoring period, the mean of frequency of oral habits occurred in a day is 12.29. The highest number reported during the period is 45, which is from the Day 13 while the lowest point is from Day 8. The possible reasons for these consequences have a strong relationship with the performance generated anxiety related to subject’s academic works on the reported dates. The Day 13 was the due date for the assignment graded higher percentage, it is assumed that the participant had a great level of anxiety. Also, she was awake for long time to complete the assignment, therefore, an excessive repetition appeared because a number of oral parafunctional activities was counted while subject awake. However, on the 8th day, none of oral habits was presented as the participant enjoyed the relaxation from the assignment and took a resting at home with the presence of intimate person. The reduction of anxiety was likely to stabilise her mental status, in contrast to other days of monitoring. According to the similarity in frequency between Day 6 to Day 11, subject maintained everyday routines such as going to university and working. The circumstances that she presented those habits were generally on the bus for commuting and doing task without interaction to others. It could possibly mean the absence of attachment to relatives made her isolated and generated slightly stressful situation. On the other hands, when the participants concentrated on non-stressed activity such as mobile game, she did not show many parafunctional habits. This participant who has an oral habits with excessive movement of teeth and jaw, illustrated that those behaviours has been stimulated by different reasons. Awareness of her asymmetric jaw became the trigger of habits when she was young. In addition to this, Changes in her circumstances in work place or university and being alone are significant factors as they generate stress, and currently the level of anxiety of failing academic achievement accelerated the frequency of behaviours. Consequences of behaviours can be short term and long term, such as immediate feeling fear or pain, reduction of stress, and significant health disorder related to temporomandibular joint and tooth. These consequences are reinforcers or punishers which increase or decrease the behaviours. Discussion Current research project were developed to understand the oral behaviours and reduce them which could cause unwanted consequences. The general findings from this study are when the participant has a higher degree of negative emotional states such as anxiety of academic achievement, receiving work related complaints, or being alone feeling lonesome. These results of current research partially supported the previous research in terms of the relationship between oral parafunctional behaviours and stressful routines (Glaros Burton, 2003; Lobbezoo, Van Der Zaag Naeije, 2006). In fact, SORCK analysis found out significant positive reinforcers of behaviours in this study are related to structures of jaw. In other words, the misbelief that moving mandibular joint can balance the asymmetric jaw leads the repetition of behaviour in pursuit of better physical appearance. Subject has mentioned the prominent jaw was her physical complex once, and when she heard the joint making sound after movement, she started the excessive movement habits. As discussed previously, habit reversal treatment has been proved as the effective method of reducing the parafuntional activities by many reserchers (Glaros et al., 2007; Gramling et al., 1996; Peterson et al., 1993). However, it is actually difficult to change the shape of jaw with the behavioural therapy that administered by previous researchers. To change her excessive behavioural patterns, the most important aspect of treatment should consider the belief of positive reinforcers. Therefore, habit reversal treatment can be adapted in slightly different way for future intervention. Among the habit reversal treatment, participant need to complete the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to find out the psychological distress which is the main factor of oral habits. About the obsession of physical attractiveness, Self-Esteem Scale (SES) required to be answered to indicate participant’s feeling towards self-descriptive statements, as well as the scale of pain around mandibular area. During the 2 week treatment period, participant will carry out the practice of 60-minutes DTMD treatment, dropping their jaws slightly (D), separating their teeth slightly (T), relaxing the muscles in the jaw and face area (M), and performing a deep breathing activity (D), while watching the mirror image of self. After the practice, participant gives verbal compliment to self, with written demonstration of how she proud of herself. The purpose of this intervention is to dismiss the misbelief of jaw movement, and develop new positive reinforcers with new oral habits. Earning self-esteem with attendance of treatment sessions will be a great positive reinforcer to the habit reversal activities (DTMD) which take the place of the oral parafunctional habits. Participant will record the frequencies of oral parafunctional habits every day during the treatment, and rate the pain from 0 to 10, and self-esteem scale after the whole process was completed. It is expected to participant would decrease the frequency of oral habits and show correlation with more points for self-esteem and less level of anxiety if this intervention is successful. Compliment to self will be the negative reinforcer in relation to the oral parafuntional habits, which will be declined, thus the rating of pain is assumed to be dropped in the later stage. However, it is uncertain the behavioural therapy related to self-esteem has the actual impact on its development. Also, one of the drawbacks for this intervention is designed for one person, thus it can be more effective if another patient engage during the treatment sessions, and give compliment to one another. Similarly, the results from the current self-monitoring has a limited aspect in terms of duration. Participant could suffer some health issues such as flu and extending the duration of monitoring will help to observe more reliable data. Also, the method of self-reporting has the definite limitation that reporting could be underestimated when participant delivers the behaviour unconsciously, and when the subject is too aware of monitoring â€Å"self† before she commits the behaviours, like Day 8 shown in current research results. These limitation needs to be covered to get more reliable data and better performance of further treatment.

Georges Clemenceau :: essays research papers

Georges Clemenceau Early Life: -Born on September 28th, 1841 in Vendee, France -Benjamin Clemenceau, his father, was a supporter of the 1848 revolution and was his son’s role model. -Georges grew up strongly believing in Republican views. Education: -Trained to be a doctor. -Not much else is known about his education and schooling. Achievements: -With a group of students, he wrote Le Travail. This was seized by the police and Georges spent 73 days in prison. -After he was released, he started to write a journal called Le Matin, but then he got in trouble with the authorities and was forced to stop. -After finishing his medical studies, he went to go and live and New York. -He was amazed by the amount of freedom that the people had, both politically and socially. -Worked as a teacher in Stanford, Connecticut -Eventually married one of his students and had three children. However, the marriage did not work out. -When he returned, he was elected as a Radical Republican deputy in the National Assembly. (1871) -Was re-elected to the National Assembly. (1876) -In 1902, he became a senator, and four years later, he was appointed minister of home affairs. -Became Frances Prime Minister. (1907-1910) -Under the presidency of Raymond Poincare, he was appointed Prime Minister for a second time. (1917-1920) -Was Minister of War in World War One. Major Accomplishments: -He voted against peace terms demanded by Germany in 1871. -Because of his aggressive debating style, Clemenceau was given the nickname of â€Å"the Tiger†. -He ruthlessly suppressed any popular strikes and demonstrations. As Prime Minister, he was marked by his hostility towards socialists. -During WW1, he clamped down on politicians calling for peace and punished them. -Insisted that the French Army lead the offensive against the German Army in 1918. -Pushed the war vigorously until the final victory.